Illustration: The Guardian.
Why did a province in Canada decide to provide universal childcare for only $7 a day? And how was it supposed to decrease the budget deficit?
When I read in June that Quebec was providing universal childcare for very little cost to families, all I thought was, How can they manage it?
Isabeau Doucet explains at the Guardian that the system actually pays for itself.
“When asked how much she pays for childcare, Leah Freeman chuckles and says she isn’t sure. ‘It’s like C$93 (about $67) every two weeks or something. I barely see it leaving my bank account,’ she said.
“To most parents in the US, where the average cost of childcare is $1,000 per month and can reach more than $2,000 a month in some states, the idea of paying so little sounds impossible. But it’s happening – north of the US border in Quebec, Canada, where Freeman’s three-year-old daughter, Grace, attends a subsidized early childhood education center (centres de la petite enfance, known by its acronym CPE), for C$9.35, or less than $7 a day.
“As soon as she found out that she was pregnant, Freeman, a social worker, placed her daughter on a handful of waiting lists through a government website. Now she can drop her daughter off for up to 10 hours a day, between 6am and 6pm, five days a week, all year round. In addition to childcare, Grace sees a speech therapist at the CPE. A daily menu of the home-cooked meals and snacks is posted at the building’s entrance every morning; meals are on a monthly rotation with seasonal changes and locally sourced produce when available.
“All this is possible because in 1997, Quebec lawmakers enacted a universal childcare program as part of an effort to give equal opportunities to all children – especially kids from low-income families – to get young mothers back to work and to increase the government’s tax revenue and eliminate the province’s budget deficit.
“The massively popular program has been a win for everyone involved: it offers high-quality early education to toddlers; good, unionized jobs to childcare workers; has helped close the gender pay gap; affords young families crucial support in the earliest years of their children’s lives and has been a financial boon to the government. It’s been so popular that now the model is being built up across the rest of Canada.
“Perhaps ironically, Quebec’s approach was partly inspired by the groundbreaking research into early childhood coming out of the US – that providing high-quality education early on was not just socially good but a smart economic investment.
“ ‘The best way to reduce social inequalities is to invest in small children very early in their lives,’ said Nathalie Bigras, a retired professor at Université du Québec à Montréal who spent her career researching Quebec’s childcare. …
“On the ground floor of a redbrick school that also houses an adult education center, Les Trottinettes (‘The Scooters) is a CPE that serves 26 kids from nine months to five years old. It’s part of a network of five CPEs in Verdun, a traditionally working-class, though rapidly gentrifying, neighborhood of Montreal.
“Asylum seekers who are single parents can enroll their children here while they take French language classes and continuing education courses upstairs.
“Across two big rooms with a maze of different play stations, children paint bright colors at small easels. There’s a water table, a sand box, wooden construction blocks, colorful bricks, a quiet reading nook and lots of well-loved, sturdy wooden furniture. …
“ ‘You can learn so much about a society by studying its approach to early childhood,’ said Stéphane Trudel, a trained sociologist and the general manager of Les Trottinettes. ‘We’re at the frontline of social inequalities, of gender inequalities, of cultural clashes.’ Yet he finds that very few anthropologists or journalists are interested in it. ‘It’s a blind spot,’ he said.
“Trudel credits research from the US as having influenced Quebec’s approach to early childhood education. American research spanning child welfare, psychological development, nutrition, education and economics was extensively cited in the 1991 report that led to Quebec’s new family policy. And even in terms of pedagogy, Les Trotinette’s curriculum, for instance, is based on HighScope, an approach started in Michigan designed to close the opportunity gap for low-income families.
“HighScope’s longitudinal study, conducted by the Nobel prize-winning economist James Heckman, found lasting intergenerational benefits to high-quality early childhood education, calculating an estimated C$12.90 return for every C$1 invested – from success in school, higher earning over decades, reduced crime and use of social assistance programs.
“The roots of Quebec’s childcare model go back decades, to the French-speaking province’s ‘Quiet Revolution’ in the 1960s, which booted the Catholic church out of state institutions and made them more secular and egalitarian. Marriage went out of fashion and rates plummeted, leading to dire poverty among children of single mothers.
“Social movements, feminist activists, labor unions and single-parent family associations demanded new policies, such as parental leave and universal childcare, to address the new family structures. Later, in 1997, the secessionist Parti Québécois government enacted the new family policy as part of an effort to restructure the social safety net and eliminate the budget deficit.
“The crown jewel of this new policy was the creation of the centres de la petite enfance (CPE), an autonomous network of subsidized childcare centers, offering high-quality, low-cost care (C$5 at the time), with unionized staff and parent-led governance.
“ ‘It’s the parents who run the show,’ said Pauline Marois, the architect of Quebec’s family policy who was also Quebec’s first female premier, and is now chancellor of Université du Québec à Montréal. …
“Marois described the key ingredients for this public system’s success as investment into educational programs, universal access through low fees and high parental involvement – because no institution could protect children’s interests better than their parents. …
“It might seem like a public childcare network offering high-quality education, homemade meals and help for children with special needs for about C$10 a day would be expensive for taxpayers, but it actually generates a profit, said Pierre Fortin, an emeritus economist at Université de Quebec at Montreal.
“ ‘The system pays for itself – it brings women into the workplace and they pay taxes,’ said Fortin, a leading expert on the economics of subsidized childcare. ‘You get more money flowing into government coffers.’ This extra tax revenue actually exceeds what the government initially paid to establish the universal childcare system, he said. …
“Today, Quebec has among the highest female labor force participation rates in the world right next to Sweden, while the US lags more than 10% behind. In addition, the gender pay gap . …
“Measuring the causal impact of Quebec’s subsidized childcare on factors such as poverty and social assistance is an imprecise science, but Fortin points out that the number of single-parent families on social assistance in Quebec plummeted by more than 50% in the decade following the reform. Today, Fortin calculated exclusively for the Guardian, that Quebec has 75% fewer single-parent families on social assistance than it did in 1996.
“It’s also had a tremendous impact on childhood wellbeing. In 1996, child poverty rates across Canada were at an all-time high and children in Quebec were among the worst off. Today, it’s the opposite. …
“Fortin estimates that poverty in Quebec decreased by more than 60% in two decades, but points out that universal childcare wasn’t implemented in isolation, but alongside other important social policies, such as enhanced parental leave (now up to 55 weeks of paid leave), high rates of education and employment and pay equity legislation. …
“ ‘I’m convinced that the more women we have in politics, the more we’ll move towards public policies that promote gender equality and the fight against poverty,’ said Marois.”
Lots more at the Guardian, here. No paywall there, but please consider giving them a donation.
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