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Why the Great Pyramid Is So Resilient

July 22, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Asem Salama / Scientific Reports..
A diagram of the inside of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt.

Today’s story about the brilliant design of the the Great Pyramid of Giza reminds me that people living in the 21st century should never assume they are more intelligent than people centuries ago. Many of our ethical stances show improvement. We have advanced gadgets and skills. But we have lost ancient skills needed to manipulate ancient gadgets.

And what about building construction? The high rise in New York City that threatens to collapse is surely an example of inferior design capability.

Compare that to the pyramids. Richard Widdington writes at Artnet, “Over the past 4,600 years, the Great Pyramid of Giza has weathered a dozen or so major earthquakes. … Cumulatively, seismic activity is one factor that explains why the structure has lost around 30 feet in height since it was completed at the peak of Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

“Otherwise, the wonder of the ancient world has endured relatively unscathed. Unlike the earlier Step Pyramid at Saqqara or the aptly named Bent Pyramid at Dahshur, the Great Pyramid of Giza is free from earthquake-induced structural damage. A new study led by seismologists at Egypt’s National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics measured such resilience and concluded that it might be partly by design.

“[Researchers] used an accelerometer to measure natural vibrations at 37 locations inside and around the pyramid, including on its exterior stones, within its chambers, and in the surrounding soil. They found the majority of the vibrations inside the structure exhibited ‘exceptional homogeneity’ and ranged between 2.0 and 2.6 hertz. This means the stress of an earthquake is distributed evenly throughout the pyramid. Crucially, this differed from the surrounding soil, which averaged 0.6 hertz, effectively offering the ground as a natural shield that prevents seismic energy from amplifying as it passes into the monument. Building on top of a carefully leveled limestone bedrock, researchers noted, also helped to anchor the structure. The results were published in Scientific Reports in May.

“ ‘The Great Pyramid behaves as a single, cohesive unit that naturally vibrates at a fundamental frequency of approximately 2.3 Hz,’ one of the researchers, Asem Salama, said over email. ‘The frequency difference prevents the destructive phenomenon of resonance, the primary culprit behind the collapse of modern buildings, when a structure’s frequency matches the earthquakes vibrations.’

“Another factor preventing shockwaves from amplifying as they rise through the pyramid is a series of five rooms built directly above the King’s Chamber, which sits at the heart of the structure. Known as weight-relief chambers, they were designed to protect the hallowed space from the immense weight of the stone blocks above it. In the context of earthquakes, however, they act as a built-in ‘shock absorbers,’ diminishing the vibrations that reach them.

“Last, there’s the Great Pyramid of Giza’s most visibly obvious advantage: its bottom-heavy, symmetrical shape. This ensures weight and stress are distributed evenly throughout the structure.

“​ ‘The earthquake resilience of the Great Pyramid of Giza is not a historical fluke, but the pinnacle of an ancient engineering evolution,’ Salama said. ‘Much like modern engineering advances through iterative science and lessons learned from past structural failures, Egyptian architects refined their techniques over generations. Prior disasters, such as the collapse of the Meidum Pyramid, provided critical data. By the time the Great Pyramid’s architects broke ground, they had mastered the physics of permanence.’ ”

More at Artnet, here. No firewall.

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Why You Are Like a Zebrafish

July 21, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Max Planck Institute for Biology.
Although zebrafish don’t have eyelids, light does disrupt their sleep, and, like humans, they have four stages of sleep.

Many creatures on Planet Earth have things in common that you’d never suspect. Today we learn about research showing that the humble zebrafish has sleep patterns almost identical to human sleep stages.

Sara Novak writes at the New York Times, “Whether tucked away in a colony of coral, hidden in the darkness of an aquatic cave or floating catatonic just above the ocean floor, fish take opportunities for rest and recovery, just as we do.

“Like humans, most fish are diurnal, meaning they sleep mostly at night; while they don’t have eyelids, and therefore can’t shut out the darkness, light does disrupt their sleep. And just like us, when they snooze they’re motionless and slow to respond to environmental stimuli. If you deprive them of sleep, they will make up for the loss by sleeping longer the next night.

“Now, a new study, released this month in Nature Communications, shows just how much fish sleep really does resemble our own. By tracking eye movements of zebrafish, the researchers were able to identify four different substates of sleep. …

“ ‘There’s complexity to their sleep structure,’ said Jennifer Mengbo Li, a co-author of the study and a neuroscientist at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Germany.

“Three of the four substates happen at night, lasting a total of 10 hours. The first — and deepest — is characterized by a stone-cold stare. As the waking hours near, a second, lighter substate sets in: The zebrafish’s eyes twitch, sideways in the same direction, before moving slowly back to center. In the third substate, entered as morning approaches, both eyes turn to the same side and stay there.

“During the fourth and final substate, which takes place in brief bursts during the day, the zebrafish’s eyes move back and forth, as if sweeping the surroundings for potential risks. But the eyes can be deceiving:

These five-to-10-minute naps are deep enough that much of the brain activity is suppressed, and the zebrafish are hard to wake up. …

“As part of the study, researchers were able to follow the fish using what’s best described as a self-driving autonomous microscope and camera system. Designed by Drew Robson, another co-author of the study and a fellow Max Planck neuroscientist, the scope and camera followed 105 fish around the tank as they swam, hunted and slept.

“ ‘This is the first time we can record the whole brain of a freely moving animal,’ said the lead study author, Vikash Choudhary, a Ph.D. student at the Max Planck Institute. …

“ ‘Researchers were able to show that zebrafish do have specific sleep states and that certain populations of neurons are activated and might be markers for these sleep states,’ said David Prober, a biologist at the California Institute of Technology who was not involved in this study.

“Dr. Prober contends that the zebrafish brain — though smaller and simpler than a human brain — can still help identify the most essential mechanisms associated with sleep. His lab has found that many of the genes, neurons and drugs that regulate sleep in humans and other mammals have similar effects in fish.

“Michael Heithaus, a marine ecologist at Florida International University who was not involved in the study, said that it’s thrilling that scientists have begun teasing these different sleep states apart and trying to understand their purpose.”

More at the Times, here. What a shame it would be for the US to lose funding for this type of science and the scientists who pursue it! It seems obscure, but it adds to our knowledge of the planet we call home and often helps us understand ourselves better.

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Rebuilding Brazil’s Great Museum

July 20, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Felipe Cohen / Project Museu Nacional Vive.
Clean-up crews have treated the site like an archaeological dig, combing for remnants from the fire and also discovering new finds previously hidden underneath the museum. 

For scientists around the world, too much that was irreplaceable was lost in the great fire at Brazil’s national museum in 2018. That hasn’t stopped Brazilians from trying to rebuild, and in the process, they have discovered new artifacts under the building.

Joel Balsam writes at Smithsonian magazine, “The news arrived with both excitement and a pang of grief: The oldest national history museum in the Americas was slated to partially reopen for the first time since a 2018 fire destroyed more than 16 million objects — 80 percent of its collections. ‘We put out tickets; it sold out in hours,’ says Ronaldo Fernandes, director of the 208-year-old National Museum in Rio de Janeiro.

“Before the fire, some 300,000 Brazilian schoolchildren visited the museum each year. My partner had been one of them, so I got us free tickets to the temporary exhibition in September 2025. The building, Paço São Cristóvão, was a former residence of Portuguese and Brazilian monarchs, and it was as regal as she remembered it. We found that the yellow-and-white facade had been restored, along with 30 statues of Greek gods that adorned the roofline. Inside, the Bendegó meteorite, a 11,820-pound space rock found in Brazil in 1784, had survived the flames and was still on display in the entry room.

“But noticeable changes were everywhere. Some walls remained blackened from the flames. Steel support beams were still twisted and exposed. On the positive side of the experience, we saw new acquisitions, including a 51-and-a-half-foot-long sperm whale skeleton that hung from a fresh 138-glass-panel skylight. … The museum is still rebuilding its spaces and collections, targeting a 2029 reopening date. …

“The morning after the fire, hundreds of people gathered outside the museum’s gates to see the extent of the damage. When some tried to jump the fence, the police responded with tear gas and pepper spray. The outer walls, which had been solidly built by enslaved Africans, remained intact. But historian Regina Dantas remembers entering her third-floor office. … ‘I lost everything — I didn’t have a pen.’

“Items stored in nearby buildings were safe from the blaze: Torah scrolls from the 13th or 14th century, the vertebrate and herbarium collections and a 500,000-volume library. Some researchers dashed into the main building during the fire’s early stages and saved precious specimens that had been used to define entire species. …

Losses included Egyptian mummies, a royal Hawaiian feather cloak gifted to Brazil’s last regent, audio recordings of Indigenous languages no longer spoken and the museum’s entire insect collection.

“A nonprofit called Projeto Museu Nacional Vive — or The National Museum Is Alive — is raising funds for the museum’s reopening, with backing from UNESCO, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the Vale Cultural Institute. But the project is still about $29 million short. …

“Brazil’s Ministry of Education provided about $2.35 million so the rebuilding could begin right away. Crews sifted through the rubble layer by layer, treating the palace like an archaeological site in hopes that some items had survived the fire. Crews found a shard of a French vase gifted to Emperor Dom Pedro II, and, miraculously, the skull of Luzia, the oldest human remains discovered in the Americas. About 5,000 artifacts recovered from the wreckage are being restored by archaeologists, a process that could take decades. …

“When cleanup crews reached the final layer of rubble, they encountered a surprise: the foundations of a chapel built in 1840 and destroyed in 1910. ‘We knew all the time there was a chapel there … and now we found it,’ says Fernandes. The fire also uncovered bricks from earlier periods, as well as layers of wallpaper not seen since the exile of Brazil’s last monarch, in 1889. …

“The reopened museum will showcase the chapel ruins and exposed bricks. The museum also plans to maintain some charred walls and exposed beams to commemorate the tragedy. …

“All the while, new artifacts are coming in — more than 16,700 to date. Burkhard Pohl, a Swiss-German collector who maintains one of the world’s largest fossil collections, donated 1,105 fossils from the Araripe Basin, in northern Brazil, that date back 115 million years. The National Museum of Denmark has also returned a Tupinambá feather cloak taken from Brazil in 1689. …

“The museum doesn’t simply want to redo its collections as they were. Like many 19th-century institutions, it featured numerous stolen artifacts and neglected to consult the Indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans whose cultures help make up the country’s history.”

More at Smithsonian, here. I’m cheered by these efforts, but I still can still hear entomology professor and photographer Alex Wild lamenting the permanent loss of the vast insect collecrtion. It will never be the same.

By the way, I wrote in 2022 about how Brazil is bringing its indigenous communities into the rebuilding process. Read that post here.

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A ‘Neolithic’ Hall Near Stonehenge

July 20, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Christopher Ison/English Heritage/PA.
The seven meter-high Kusuma Neolithic Hall is based on archaeological evidence of a large prehistoric structure that was discovered two miles away from Stonehenge. 

(My older granddaughter noticed I had no post on July 17, which meant that I broke my streak: 15-plus years of daily posts. It had to happen someday. Here is the entry I finished but somehow failed to schedule.)

There’s always something new to learn about the people who built Stonehenge.

Jamie Grierson wrote recently at the Guardian about a nearby structure from the same time period.

“It may have been a place for ceremony or a barn for pack animals. It could have been a place for weary laborers to rest their heads. Or perhaps there was no building at all.

“English Heritage has unveiled a 7-meter-high [~23-foot] reconstruction of what a 4,500-year-old Neolithic hall may have looked like at Stonehenge, offering visitors a glimpse into the lives of the prehistoric builders who raised the world’s most famous stone circle.

“The £1m [~$1.4 million] project is in its final stages of construction near the Stonehenge visitor centre on Salisbury Plain. Built entirely by hand over nine months by a team of more than 100 volunteers, the Kusuma Neolithic Hall will open to the public this summer before transforming into an immersive, historical learning space for schools.

“The structure is based on the archaeological footprint of an anomaly known as Durrington 68, a unique ‘square in the circle’ building discovered two miles away near Woodhenge, another Neolithic site. First excavated in 1928 by Maud Cunnington, and re-examined in 2007 by the Stonehenge Riverside Project, the original site features a horseshoe-shaped ring of post holes surrounding four massive internal roof support pillars.

“Because centuries of ploughing destroyed the original floor and hearths, its true purpose remains a mystery. However, discoveries of animal bones and grooved ware pottery nearby point towards winter feasting, ritual gatherings or even communal storage.

“Luke Winter, an experimental archaeologist, who analyzed European Neolithic carpentry and prehistoric pollen data to design the hall, explained the construction’s rigorous scientific backing.

“ ‘Everything in that building was growing in this landscape 5,000 years ago,’ he said. …

“Like the nearby stone circle, the building perfectly aligns with the winter solstice. ‘When we got the frame in on the solstice morning, I was here, and I stood there, my shadow cast on the middle post at the back,’ Winter said.

“The project forms the first phase of an educational expansion by English Heritage. Alongside the hall, a new learning center housing the Clore Discovery Lab and Weston Learning Studio is scheduled to open by the end of 2026. …

“ ‘The Neolithic period is firmly on the national curriculum,’ [Iona Keen, English Heritage’s head of learning and interpretation] said, adding that the interactive hall would allow children to ‘step back in time’ by gathering around an open fire to make prehistoric cheese and pinch pots. …

“Stonehenge’s curator, Win Scutt, said Stonehenge and the barrows and dwellings surrounding the Neolithic monument were driven by a ‘society that wanted connection. … This whole thing is about social society, not science,’ with the camaraderie and ‘feeling of belonging’ generating the motivation to build. Rather than being ‘obsessed with individualism’ like modern society, these groups used massive cooperative projects as a medium for collective representation, he said.”

More at the Guardian, here. No firewall. Please consider donating to the Guardian.

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Furry Night at the Opera

July 19, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: West Smith.
Furry night at the opera. For some awesome photos, click here, at the Stranger.

Have you ever been to the opera? Would you go if characters were dressed as human-size stuffed animals? What if you could wear your own furry costume? If you like the idea, I hope you live near Seattle.

West Smith has the furry story at the Stranger.

“Furries are everywhere,” writes Smith. “That’s the biggest lesson I took away from attending my first furry convention earlier this year. Before that, I think I still carried some lazy stereotype in my head about the furry community being made up exclusively of Reddit-dwelling teenagers. Then I got there and met doctors, lawyers, medical technicians, people from every possible walk of life. The point was driven home a few months later when my urologist casually told me he’d been to a few furry conventions himself.

“So by the time I found myself heading to Furry Night at the Opera, the idea of a furry opera singer didn’t feel surprising at all; if anything, it felt obvious.

“The evening was championed by baritone Christian Pursell, better known in the fandom as Chester the Geroo, who plays Escamillo in Carmen. As far as anyone can tell, this was the first official Furry Night at the opera in history, a genuinely historic moment for the fandom and the city of Seattle. Seattle Opera seemed proud to be hosting it. …

“At first, I wasn’t entirely sure what ‘Furry Night at the Opera’ meant. Was this an event exclusively for furries? Would I feel out of place showing up without a tail? When I asked someone at the box office, they laughed and said, ‘This is a 2,800-seat house. There’s going to be all kinds of people here, not just furries.’ They were right, the crowd wasn’t all fur-suited. But this wasn’t a typical opera crowd either. In the lobby, there were dozens of oversized, fur-covered heads weaving through the crowd (they were asked to remove their heads for the show, to make sure they didn’t block the view of the stage).

“Furries arrived in formal wear, some toting their fursuits in. Pursell arrived wearing his authentic Escamillo matador costume from that evening’s performance of Carmen. … In line with his matador costume, he also staged a mock bullfight with someone in a bull costume.

“It is difficult to know exactly how many furries attended the event. More than 50 guests used the special Furry Night coupon code, though additional attendees purchased regular tickets to attend the pre-show meet-and-greet.

“But not everyone had to check their fursuits. Local cidery Slightly Furry rented out a private box for the event so they could stay suited up for the performance.

“Opera has a reputation for being a stuffy, upper-class art form, something exclusive, intimidating, and maybe not entirely meant for me. But just as my assumptions about the furry community turned out to be lazy and incomplete, so too were my assumptions about the opera. Furry Night at the Opera reminded me that both are, at their best, invitations: spaces built around passion, community, and the simple joy of sharing an experience with others.”

More at the Stranger, here. Lots of great pictures!

Yincollie the mouse brought opera binoculars for the evening’s performance.

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Robot Dance Wars

July 18, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo; Carlo Velasquez.
Some bots were brought out just to watch the dancing.

People lead such different lives! In San Francisco, there are people who test robots by making them fight. Now they have added dance competitions to the mix.

Zara Stone wrote about this recently at the San Francisco Standard: “Cricket just wants to dance.  The $40,000 humanoid robot walked to the center of an octagon cage inside SoMa’s Temple nightclub Thursday night wearing a neon pink wig and struck a pose. A moment later, A-ha’s ‘Take on Me’ filled the air, and Cricket started swiveling its hips, gyrating to the beat.

“Unfortunately for Cricket, it followed Johnny Anthony Lopez, who runs Oakland dance company TURFinc, and seven of his crew. They dropped, popped and locked, performing turf dancing, the Oakland street moves. One dancer, a contortionist, folded to the floor, arms moving like rubber.

“It was a heavy act to follow, and Cricket fully disappointed. It executed three preprogrammed dances. The first was skillful, but the second stalled halfway through. During the third, an engineer had to physically push the robot back into the ring.

“The demonstration was part of a ‘dance-off’ meant to highlight the latest improvements to the robot, a two-year old G1 model from Chinese company Unitree. Programming a humanoid robot to dance used to take engineers weeks, but now the moves can be generated from a video upload. The night was ostensibly both a debut of the robo-dancing and a showcase for the public launch of Studio, a robo-choreography tool. …

“Earlier in the night, two Unitree bots had been part of a fight demonstration, throwing punches in the ring. It wasn’t a one-off. Over the last year humanoid robot fight clubs have become a fixture at techie-oriented San Francisco parties and events.  The crowd was a mix of tech workers wearing hoodies and backpacks, tees with slogans like ‘internet person’ and ‘insert code here.’ …

“ ‘I didn’t even know that dancing was a part of this,’ said Pat Santiago, founder of Accelr8, a hacker house community, who had stuck around. He was initially skeptical of the dance premise. ‘They tend to have a limited repertoire, he said of robots but revised his opinion afterward. ‘I was actually really impressed. … Every time I see a robot dance, it’s 10x the last time.’ 

“The fights followed a predictable rhythm: three 90-second rounds filled with wild swings, body slams, and robots walking into walls while their amateur operators tried desperately to steer them. A human referee counted blows and reset the bots when they faceplanted.

“The seventh bout mixed things up. Vitaly Bulatov, cofounder of Ultimate Bots, faced Trey Roski, cofounder of BattleBots, controlling their respective machines. … Watching two skilled controllers battle demonstrated how important the humans’ roles are. The robots sprung up from the floor, dodged and weaved, and targeted each other with uncanny precision. …

“Tae Marsden, 35, a drag clown from Oakland’s Ruckus Revival, said the fighting entranced her. ‘I grew up with WWE and UFC, and I really appreciated the metal-on-metal action.’ Still, she found the second part of the evening mid. ‘I thought the robot dancing left a lot to be desired.’ 

“Ram Ravi, 35, a machine learning researcher from Oakland, was more forgiving. The dancing was OK, he said, though the fighting was better. He’s not sure he’d go to an event that was just robot dancing. ‘It depends on the progress that’s been made,’ he said.”

More at the Standard, here.

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For Culture, Leave Phones at the Door

July 16, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Grace Coudal.
The Fulfillment Center organizers give attendees small cloth pouches to place their phones inside of for the duration of their “unplugged” events.

One day in the early 2000s, I was astonished to see a well-dressed woman walking down the sidewalk, apparently talking to herself. It took a moment to understand she was on the phone.

Before I knew it, there were numerous people on the commuter rail having long, loud, personal conversations as I tried to read a novel or sleep.

We’re not talking about that long ago. It was a time that many of us started to hate phones. Nowadays in Chicago, creatives are deciding to do something about the way phones have taken over.

Ambar Colón writes at WBEZ Chicago, “During the first weekend of May, dozens of people filed into a River North coworking space for what was billed as a hands-on, phone-free experience.

“After slipping their devices into small cloth pouches stamped with the words ‘Fulfillment Center,’ visitors made their way over to a pair of industrial shelves stacked with activity boxes labeled ‘make,’ ‘play,’ ‘read’ and ‘write.’ Inside the boxes, they found crafts, readable materials and games — plenty of things to do instead of scrolling endlessly on their mobile phones.

“Meanwhile, up in Edgewater, theater leaders from [producingbody] are introducing audiences to magnetically locking Yondr pouches, starting [in May] with the Chicago premiere of Spaceman. …

“If you want a deep dive into Chicago arts and culture, check your phone at the door: The ‘unplugged’ trend is growing locally among arts groups responding to a collective desire for more phone-free experiences. …

“For some Chicago cafes and lounges, such as Kibbitznest Books, Brews & Blarney and Verzênay in Lincoln Park, the unplugged trend is nothing new. These cafes are intentionally Wi-Fi-free, opting for board games and books instead of a sea of silent and disconnected remote workers.

“Major musicians such as Phoebe Bridgers and David Byrne have enforced no-phone zones at their events, too, using similar phone pouches, or in the case of Byrne’s ‘Theater of the Mind‘ theater installation in River North, requesting fans place their devices in lockers.

“The idea for the phone-free Fulfillment Center — a pop-up for people of all ages — started with a simple question, event creator and Little Council marketing co-founder Jessa Fuller said: ‘What if we took up a little bit of space in our communities with a center that was geared toward personal fulfillment?’ …

“After guests picked one of the four boxes [at the center], they took the box over to a table dubbed the ‘line’ and unpacked it. Inside, the materials and packing slip described the activity: ‘play’ boxes included classic games like Uno and Jenga, while ‘make’ boxes contained magazines and other supplies for collage-making.

“One box contained supplies for a game of ‘exquisite corpse’ — a drawing game invented in the 1920s, where artists come together to create a character without seeing the previous contributions. …

“ ‘Read’ boxes included articles from Chicago-based publications, such as copies of The Pub (which is print-only), or the Poetry Foundation’s poetry magazine. And inside the ‘write’ boxes, attendees received bios of older adults (through the group Love For Our Elders), and were inspired to write letters to friends and family. …

“Up north at the theater, [producingbody] founders Amy Carpenter and Taylor Dalton said their aim with the phone-free push is to restore the communal intimacy of traditional theater. …

“Plenty of humans are ‘addicted’ to their phones, even if just a little bit, Carpenter said. Though reminders to silence or power off phones are ubiquitous with pre-show warmups across Chicago theaters, devices are still a problem, she added.

“ ‘It’s tough because you want to believe that people will follow instructions, and then we just see time and time again that they don’t,’ Carpenter said.

“Spaceman, written by Brooklyn-based playwright Leegrid Stevens, is a solo show about an astronaut who’s traveling to Mars with the sole task of laying the roots for a Martian colony. All that alone time gives the astronaut plenty of time to sit with her own thoughts and fears about life on Earth and what might await her when she arrives on the red planet. Carpenter and Dalton want the phone-free experience to mirror the protagonist’s isolation.

Upon check-in, guests will receive a Yondr pouch and sit, without the comfort of doom-scrolling, for at least 15 minutes before the show starts.

“ ‘That will inevitably give the audience a taste of our protagonist’s experience,’ they said.

“Still, phone-free rules can be risky for businesses, especially when social media is the top source for information and news about cultural events. …

“ ‘It is a risk. But I think the hope here is to ultimately make it worth it for [audiences],’ Dalton said. ‘We wanna make the experience so special inside the theater that they forget that they don’t have access to their phones.’ ”

More at WBEZ, here.

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A Passion for Saving the Soil

July 15, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Judith Jockel/Guardian.
Iranian-born Sousan Samadani learned about the Save the Soil movement at age 60 and jumped in with both feet. Here she is in her adopted home of Utrecht in the Netherlands. 

Once upon a time, most of us were pretty clueless about soil — what made for good soil and why good soil is important. Age 60 was the first time Sousan Samadani realized that modern civilization had been degrading soil and what that meant for the planet. She didn’t just feel shocked. She leaped into action.

Paula Cocozza writes at the Guardian, “Sousan Samadani was watching videos on YouTube one day when she came across a post about how the world’s soil was degrading so rapidly that it was in danger of extinction.

“The video – posted by the Save Soil movement – ‘was like a shock for me,’ Samadani says. …

“Samadani made a decision in that moment: she was ‘going to be with this movement, fully, 100%.’ According to Unesco, 90% of global soil could be degraded by 2050. Save Soil was launched by the spiritual leader ‘Sadhguru’ Jaggi Vasudev, who announced a trip in 2022 to raise awareness: a 19,000-mile motorbike ride through Europe, the Middle East and India.

“A team of volunteers had already been booked to accompany Vasudev – so Samadani, 65, who lives in Utrecht in the Netherlands, decided to make her own shadow journey. While Sadhguru travelled to 27 countries, Samadani made it to all those and more, continuing on to Nepal, Suriname, Guyana and French Guiana, helping out at campaign events.

“Other than three flights, she traveled by bus and train, and even hitchhiked from Turkey to Georgia. She stayed in hostels or with volunteers, or in ‘the cheapest hotel I could find.’

“She travelled for three months, and sometimes went days without a proper meal because she would arrive at a station with her rucksack and rush off to campaign straight away.

“Samadani had never even been involved with activism before. So why soil, and why now?

“Ever since she was a child growing up in Iran, Samadani says, she has felt huge empathy for others – her stomach would churn at the idea of others suffering whenever she heard an ambulance, and she would pick up banana skins from the ground so people wouldn’t slip on them.

“She was born in Kermanshah, near the border with Iraq. Her father had a snack bar there, but when she was 19, the family, who are Bahá’ís, moved to Shiraz to escape persecution. … People of Bahá’í faith have been persecuted in Iran since the Iranian revolution, facing the seizure of property, imprisonment and even execution for their religious beliefs.

“Before the snack bar, Samadani’s father had a farm on which he grew wheat, and a garden full of fruit trees – ‘apricots, pomegranates, apples, plums, grapes – and there were sheep, cows, goats, turkeys and chickens. Everyone said it was an amazing, amazing garden,’ she says.

“The family left that property before Samadani was born. She never saw it, not even in photographs, but her parents talked about it, and the picture of it, the scent of all those blossoms, has lingered clear and fragrant in her mind.

“In Shiraz, she played piano (sometimes for seven hours a day) at a cultural centre. When the teacher moved away, Samadani, then in her 20s, took over her job, giving piano lessons to 40 children a week.

“She married and had two children and, in 1995, at the age of 35, left with them for the Netherlands ‘as a refugee.’ In Iran, Bahá’í people are not allowed to go to university. …

“In the Netherlands, she taught piano and tended a garden that she rented by the year. ‘I had flowers. I had potatoes, tomatoes, onions, different kinds of beans and fennel and carrot,’ she says. …

“Samadani’s newfound love of campaigning has been transformative. ‘It’s where my life of adventure started,’ she says. To raise awareness, she has skydived and cycled almost 400 miles from Chennai to Coimbatore in southern India. … ‘My wish is to bring safe soil to Iran, because it needs it very, very badly,’ Samadani says.”

More at the Guardian, here. No firewall.

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Harlem Renaissance Revisited

July 14, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: William Greaves Productions.
The film Once Upon a Time in Harlem centers on a cocktail party William Greaves hosted in August 1972 with men snd women of the Harlem Renaissance who were still living. 

Many Americans know of the Harlem Renaissance as the flourishing of African American arts and culture in New York in the 1920s and 1930s. But a documentary about it was filmed mostly in the 1970s when William Greaves rounded up the remaining members of the movement and had a party.

Nadia Khomami explained recently at the Guardian, “In 1969, the pioneering documentarian William Greaves wrote of his fury over the racially degrading stereotypes that white film producers threw up on American screens. …

“Three years later, Greaves began work on what he considered the most important footage he ever shot: a feature documentary gathering surviving figures of the Harlem Renaissance to reflect on the movement they had built half a century earlier.

“Now, more than 50 years after cameras rolled, Once Upon a Time in Harlem is finally receiving its international premiere in Cannes’ Directors’ Fortnight – completed not by William Greaves, who died in 2014, but by his son David and granddaughter Liani.

“The documentary centers on a cocktail party Greaves hosted at Duke Ellington’s townhouse in Harlem in August 1972 – an attempt to capture the voices of artists, writers, musicians and organisers whose work had transformed Black American culture in the 1920s, but whose stories were already at risk of being sidelined.

“Greaves invited every surviving participant he could locate. Many had not seen one another for decades. They included the painter Aaron Douglas; the queer artist and writer Richard Bruce Nugent; the poet Arna Bontemps; the musicians Eubie Blake and Noble Sissle; the photographer James Van Der Zee; and Ida Mae Cullen, the widow of Countee Cullen.

“For four hours, Greaves filmed them as they laughed, reminisced and debated. The resulting film follows the rhythm of the party itself: tentative greetings and warm memories gradually giving way to animated debates over politics, language and legacy.

“David Greaves, who was there in 1972 aged 22, worked on the shoot as a cameraman under his father. …

“Duke Ellington himself was unwell and did not attend, but his sister Ruth was present. ‘There were four cameras, two crews circulating through the apartment catching conversations, these little moments between them,’ David said. ‘Mostly my father just let them freestyle, it was very fluid.’

“Among the film’s strengths is precisely that looseness. At one point, guests debate whether the term ‘Negro’ should be discarded in favor of ‘Afro-American.’ Elsewhere, they discuss Marcus Garvey and Langston Hughes and the global reverberations of anti-colonial struggle. Aaron Douglas reflects on jazz, telling the room: ‘It would be considered a revolution in relation to other music. It was not a revolution to us.’

“For David Greaves, those conversations feel strikingly current. ‘When they talk about whether to call themselves Black or Negro, that’s a discussion still happening now – you’ve got Black, African American, people of color. And then there is still this question of what the diaspora should do in relation to Africa.’ …

“The film also reminds viewers how recent America’s racial violence remains. David points to footage accompanying the anti-lynching poem ‘The Lynching,’ ending on a young white girl watching with what he calls ‘fiendish glee. … The US is not that far away from that time.’ …

“For him, the film arrives as Black history is once again being fought over in the US. … ‘They’ve been doing everything they can to erase the Black experience in America, even removing signage from park service sites. What this film does is show a group of wonderful people sitting around talking about a time 50 years ago, and about their own present. These giant intellectuals that the media didn’t even realize existed.’ …

“After William’s death, the material passed to his widow Louise, who continued working on it until her own death in 2023. David and Liani then took over, restoring and digitizing 60,000 feet of 16mm film. …

“When shaping the final cut, he followed one of his father’s principles: ‘My dad used to say if there’s something that affects you viscerally, go with it.’ …

“David, who has spent the past three decades publishing Our Time Press, a Brooklyn community newspaper focused on Black civic and cultural life, with his wife, Bernice Green, said he hoped to release the film in time for Greaves’ centenary in October, with retrospectives planned in New York and at the Barbican in London.

“ ‘My dad was appreciated by those who knew documentary film, but he didn’t have the acclaim that he has now,’ he said. ‘This film should cement him as a chronicler of the history of African Americans.’ ”

More at the Guardian, here.

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Summer Photos

July 13, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photos: John and Suzanne’s Mom.
Thank you for the birthday flowers, Erik. The mint smells great!

John tells me that the reason sand sculptures like the ones below survive for days and weeks is that glue is mixed with the sand. I have trouble picturing just how that works, how you shape sand that’s full of glue. But I love the results. And since I still haven’t gotten to the Hampton Beach display that the Nomad writes about, this handsome squid will have to do.

More on the squid at Atlantis Rising, here.

The next picture is from across the street and shows the working fishing port in Pt Judith.

My other photos are not in any particular order. I have a band tuning up at this year’s Porchfest, the parachutes at the subway stop in Porter Square, Cambridge, wildflowers by the train station, Old Harbor boats in New Shoreham, paddles at the Oar restaurant, sheep by watercolorist Susan L Johnson, and the results of last year’s berry picking (blackberry jam by Sandra, left, and wild grape jelly, right.)

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The Evolution of the State Fair

July 12, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Albert Ting/Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
This cow was made out of about 700 pounds of butter and was on display at the Smithsonian’s Renwick Gallery in Washington, D.C. for a year. It was created by Sarah Pratt, the official butter sculptor of the Iowa State Fair.

When we lived in Minneapolis, one of the must-see events of any year was the state fair. We loved checking out the crazy foods on offer. Deep-fried jelly beans, Anyone? Watermelon tacos? We loved the sculpture of Princess Kay of the Milky Way, created out of butter, the seed art, and the livestock exhibits.

For state fairs, you can’t beat Minnesota.

Ayana Archie has wrote at National Public Radio [NPR] about the origins of these partly playful, partly serious annual celebrations.

“There’s something for everyone at a state fair — petting zoos, live music, fried foods. For many states in the U.S., summer to fall is the season for the annual state fair. The country’s first state fair dates to the 19th century, when locals would showcase livestock, crafts and agriculture.

“State fairs of today share the same elements, but have evolved into something like pop-up theme parks. They remain a favorite American pastime, contributing $30 billion to the U.S. economy each year, said David Grindle, CEO of the International Association of Fairs & Expositions. …

“State fairs began as agricultural competitions, which the British brought with them as they colonized North America, said Nick Pirro, who the New York State Fair has deemed its unofficial resident historian. … They served as spaces where farmers could show off their livestock and inform the public. …

“Once the colonies began developing governments and counties, county fairs took off. … In 1841, the state fair was born. The first one was held in Syracuse, N.Y. There were plowing competitions and animal exhibits. …

“Now, fair contestants show off all kinds of things — flowers, outfits and cakes … but agriculture is still everywhere at fairs.

” ‘The driving force is agriculture,’ Pirro said.

“Crafts have an early presence at state fairs, too. But back then, displays and demonstrations were a matter of function. They were useful for determining things like the types of wool a sheep might produce, or showing off the latest manufacturing or blacksmith techniques, said Mary Savig, the curator-in-charge of the Smithsonian’s Renwick Gallery, an arm of the American Art Museum in Washington, D.C. …

“In the 19th century, Victorian hair wreaths (made from human hair) were all the rage throughout the country, said Savig. She traveled to various state fairs to curate the Renwick exhibit. She said more recently, ‘diamond’ art has become popular, in which people make portraits, or recreate famous artworks out of crystals.

And as a tongue-in-cheek homage to fair food, some crafters have begun constructing quilts-on-a-stick at the Minnesota State Fair, for example.

“They’re mini quilts about the size of a sheet of printer paper that artists poke skewers through. ‘It’s a pretty small project and it’s very accessible to people, especially new quilters,’ Savig said.

“In Mississippi, the Choctaw Indian Princess is crowned each year at the Choctaw Indian Fair, in which the contestants often make their own garments with elaborate beading and embroidery work. In Minnesota, there are contests for rosemaling, a Norwegian folk art, which is characterized by intricate patterns of flowers and swirls. …

” ‘On artists, [fairs] have had historically, a really important impact, just as far as validating an artist’s skills, also giving them a platform to show their work and be recognized,’ Savig said.”

More at NPR, here. Official butter sculptor of a state fair? Don’t you love the kinds of jobs that exist in our nutty, fascinating world?

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African American Mushroom Experts

July 11, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Maria Pinto.
Maria Pinto with a burn morel mushroom, on Boston’s North Shore; right, Pinto with a Berkeley’s polypore mushroom in Weston, Massachusetts. 

Last fall, when my second cousin stopped by with his mycologist friend, they inspired in me a new interest in wild mushrooms. I don’t feel motivated enough to find and eat them, but I am definitely paying more attention to what pops up after a rainstorm.

Melissa Hellmann wrote recently at the Guardian about some serious mushroom hunters.

“On her typical walk in the woods in Newton, Massachusetts, something stopped Maria Pinto in her tracks. She spotted what appeared to be a glowing yellow figure with a metallic sheen among the pine needles on the ground. It was the first time Pinto was enthralled by a mushroom – the American yellow fly agaric, a poisonous fungus. …

“ ‘It forced me down on my knees to examine it further, because it didn’t look real,’ Pinto, a naturalist and writer, said. … More than a decade later, Pinto has dedicated much of her life to mycology, the burgeoning study of fungi.

“As a Jamaican American woman, Pinto stands apart in the mostly white hobby through her pursuit of exploring the African diaspora’s connection to mushrooms. In her recent book, Fearless, Sleepless, Deathless: What Fungi Taught Me about Nourishment, Poison, Ecology, Hidden Histories, Zombies, and Black Survival, Pinto interviewed Black people who are growing and documenting mushrooms throughout the Americas. …

“Pinto, Elan Hagens in Oregon and William Padilla-Brown in central Pennsylvania are a few Black mushroom enthusiasts contributing to the understanding of fungi and humans’ connection to them. …

“Fungi are essential to ecology. They act as decomposers, and without them, the earth would be filled with dead trees and animals. Mycorrhizal fungi, which grow in the soil, supply plants with additional nutrients and water. The organisms also have a storied role in African diasporic history and culture. Prior to the outlawing of slavery in the US, Africans who were escaping enslavement would consume an underground fungus to sustain themselves. …

“Pinto became interested in mushrooms by accident. As a self-identified ‘swamp rat; a little feral child,’ growing up in Jamaica and south Florida, she loved to pick fresh food from the ground and off of trees. A few years after her run-in with the yellow mushroom in 2013, there was a mushroom boom in the north-east US [that] reminded Pinto about her love for foraging wild food. …

“A friend of Pinto’s who grew up foraging for mushrooms in Poland taught her the basics of identifying and cataloging fungi. Pinto’s social media posts were soon filled with pictures of mushrooms she’d foraged, leading the University of North Carolina Press to approach her to write a book about fungi. …

“In her book, Pinto wrote about self-emancipated formerly enslaved people who consumed Wolfiporia, a fungus that produces an underground source of nutrients that resemble a small coconut. The organism uses the ball of nutrients to sustain itself during drought and cold seasons. Native Americans would help the formerly enslaved people find and dig up the underground food source.

“ ‘In these moments of being on the run and not wanting to make smoke or any indication that you’re hiding away,’ Pinto said, ‘this nutrient store underground, especially in the wintertime, was probably an incredible food.’ The fungi is still used in traditional Chinese medicine to promote calmness and to enhance digestion. …

“Hagens’ interest in mushrooms began when she was a young child growing up in the Portland [Oregon] area, where she attended environmental and nature-based classes starting in elementary school. Her love for fungi grew when she became a dog trainer in her mid-20s, after she participated in a CBS reality television show called Greatest American Dog in 2008. Though she didn’t win the $250,000 promised for the owner of the best-trained dog, Hagens learned during her time on the show that dogs could be trained to locate the odoriferous underground fungi, truffles. ‘This whole boom of truffles in Oregon and the United States was at its infancy,’ Hagens, 41, said.

“In 2011, she created her company, Temptress Truffles, to sell truffles found by her dogs and other foragers. … In her decades of foraging for mushrooms, one spring day in 2020 stands out the most.

“While walking her dog alongside a river in the Portland metropolitan area, she spotted a large oyster mushroom twice the size of her face. The fan-shaped fungi with sprawling gills rested high up on a tree several meters away. ‘People were walking and jogging in front of me, and nobody is seeing this mushroom,’ Hagens said. ‘It’s like the biggest thing I’ve ever seen in my life. I’m flipping out.’ It began raining, so Hagens returned in the evening to remove the mushroom with a knife fastened to a long stick. She cut out the parts infested with worms and made the rest into potstickers that she ate for days.”

Lots more at the Guardian, here. The Guardian is free, but please consider donating. They are doing an amazing job.

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She Fought the Sugar Lobby

July 10, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Helena Price.
Cristin Kearns, who took on the sugar lobby.

There’s an old-time hymn that goes in part, “Once to ev’ry man and nation/ Comes a moment to decide.” I heard a story at dinner the other night that made me think of that hymn. It was about a minister, a friend’s father. He had a parish in Memphis and was there when Martin Luther King, Jr., was killed. He overheard two parishioners using the N-word and saying the death was a good thing. He scrapped his planned sermon and preached against racism. Within months, he’d lost half his parish and had to move.

I greatly admire people who stand up, knowing it will make powerful people angry.

Here’s another brave soul. Alexandra Sifferlin interviewed Dr. Cristin Kearns for Time magazine.

Alexandra Sifferlin
“You started investigating the sugar industry after attending a dental conference on diabetes. Why?

Cristin Kearns
“I got a government brochure about preventing diabetes, and the nutritional advice was to reduce calories, increase fiber, decrease fat. It didn’t say anything about sugar. One of the speakers had a fast-food nutrition guide, and [a sweet tea] got ranked as a ‘healthy.’ I asked him, ‘How can you characterize sweet tea, which has a ton of sugar in it, as a healthy drink?’ His response was that there’s no evidence linking sugar to chronic disease. I just looked at him like, What?

Sifferlin
“So that led you to start digging into how industry was affecting public-health messaging?

Kearns
“I came across all of these references to the Great Western Sugar Co. The company was based in Denver, and sugar beets were historically a major crop in Colorado, so the company decided to donate many of their records to local libraries. In the first folder that I opened, there was a confidential memo with the Sugar Association’s letterhead on it. I was like, What did I just find? Are you kidding me? …

“It was a memo the Sugar Association sent out to its PR guys at various sugar companies about a report they had put together called Sugar in the Diet of Man. The report, which they put together with consultants, was meant to be a review of all the scientific research about sugar, heart disease, diabetes, tooth decay, obesity, etc. Of course, it ultimately concluded that sugar didn’t have a role in any of those things.

Sifferlin
“Your most recent research showed the sugar industry funded studies blaming fat instead of sugar as the leading cause of heart disease.

Kearns
“I don’t think we realize how much we’ve been marketed to. The whole “low-fat is healthy” movement allowed products high in sugar to be promoted as healthy. I don’t think the average person really grasps that there is industry money behind many food- and health-related studies. …

“We’re in a time now where Big Soda is fighting the soda taxes, and the public is waking up to industry tactics. There’s a whole movement of trying to increase people’s awareness of food. …

“Even though the science is clear that sugar contributes to heart disease, we’re still having these same debates about the role sugar plays in people’s health. I think my research can help us understand why these debates have gone on for so long. The tobacco industry still funds research, but the more high-quality, respectable journals have refused to publish it. That hasn’t happened yet in the food world.

Sifferlin
“Has your own diet changed?

Kearns
“I used to drink soda instead of coffee. That was a long time ago.

Sifferlin
Do you consider yourself an activist?

Kearns
“That gets turned into sort of a bad word sometimes. I am taking action, let’s put it that way. I really want evidence to support what I’m bringing to light. I don’t want to just point the finger and say the sugar industry is bad. I want to document what they’re doing. I want the work to lead the way, and not have it be about me.

Sifferlin
“Many of your colleagues describe you as soft-spoken. Are you?

Kearns
“People don’t expect me to come out with the material I have. Because I am not preachy, people seem to trust me as reliable. I’ll take it. That’s who I am. I’m a proud introvert.”

More at Time, here, and at Sugar Politics, here.

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Peacock Invasion

July 9, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Nicolas Brunetti.
Peacocks started roaming the streets of Punta Marina, Italy, during Covid. Now, love them or hate them, they’re there to stay. 

Around here we get too many Canada geese. A town in Italy, however, gets too many peacocks. Which would you rather have? From my experience at a friend’s home years ago, I’d rather have geese early in the morning. Peacocks are loud.

Angela Giuffrida writes at the Guardian, “Federico Bruni was sitting on a bench, eating a piadina romagnola (flatbread sandwich) and minding his own business, when a peacock strutted up in the hope of a few crumbs. High-pitched squeals emanated from the direction of a disused military barracks across the road. ‘That would be the call to love,’ Bruni said. ‘The male peacocks are courting the female ones – we’re in peak mating season.’

“As another couple of peacocks wandered by, their iridescent trains sweeping the pavement behind them, this could be mistaken for a wildlife park. But the scene is Punta Marina, a seaside town on the Adriatic coast of Italy’s Emilia-Romagna region that has been colonized by the birds, to the delight – or despair – of its approximately 1,000 residents.

“The birds have made their home in the gardens of abandoned properties and perch on rooftops and fences, or peek out from trees. They carefully navigate the traffic, sometimes tapping their beaks on the windows of parked cars after catching their reflection. …

“They don’t bother Bruni, who frequently comes to his holiday home in Punta. ‘It’s no different to seeing a cat, really, they’re part of the fabric of the town,’ he said.

“Others are less welcoming. ‘There are too many of them,’ said Francesco, who preferred not to give his surname. ‘They jump over the wall and on to my balcony, leaving excrement. But the main issue is the mating – the screams are keeping people awake.’ …

“Historically a symbol of immortality, peacocks feature in many of nearby Ravenna’s prized Byzantine mosaics, and over the centuries they became status symbols, once adding color to the resplendent gardens of Emilia-Romagna’s wealthy residents.

“How they settled in Punta Marina is a mystery – although there are reports they were brought in as pets by a resident more than 20 years ago. … For a long time, the peacocks lived in the sprawling pine forest behind the town. But then came Covid in 2020, and for months the peacocks roamed free while people were in lockdown. The occasional human they came across gave them food, enticing them to return. …

“Rosario Balestrieri, an ornithologist at the Naples-based Anton Dohrn zoological station, said … ‘Supplementary feeding actively provided by the local population has encouraged steady population growth.’

“While people were used to the birds’ more prominent presence at this time of year, the mating period, a recent social media post from a disgruntled female resident imitating the mating scream has gone viral, creating a media frenzy. A local police officer said some resulting reports – depicting an ‘invasion’ of peacocks forcing people away from the town because of a possible threat to public health – were wildly exaggerated.

“Still, the high profile tensions have left Ravenna city council, which in recent years has been grappling with how to manage Punta Marina’s peacock population, with a dilemma. An attempt to move them in 2022 was opposed, and after that, Clama, a voluntary animal rights association, was enlisted to protect the peacocks and encourage harmony.

“Clama has produced leaflets and put up signs to teach residents and tourists about the birds, saying they absolutely must not be fed.

“ ‘If they know it’s easier to come and snack on a sandwich in the town rather than having to forage for their own food in the pine forest, then of course they will keep coming back,’ said Cristina Franzoni, a volunteer with Clama, adding that people who fed the peacocks could be fined. …

“ ‘Peacock rangers,’ who can be called on to clean up poo from the streets, homes or the wheels of cars have been recruited to defuse tensions. …

“Other Italian regions have offered to ‘adopt’ the birds, but Franzoni said removing them was not the solution and would cause ‘trauma.’ She said: ‘We need to try to live with the animals instead of making them victims of our choices – they didn’t choose to come here, we brought them here and so must respect them.’ “

More at the Guardian, here. No firewall. Nice photos, including a charming peacock mosaic from Ravenna.

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Bristol Bay Tribes Don’t Give Up

July 8, 2026 by suzannesmom

Photo: Goldman Environmental Prize.
Alannah Acaq Hurley is a Yup’ik leader, executive director of the United Tribes of Bristol Bay, and winner of the 2026 Goldman Environmental Prize for North America.

It is inconceivable to most people in the modern world that if gold was lying around nearby, you wouldn’t help yourself to it. Indigenous communities are not “most people.”

At the environmental radio show Living on Earth, host Steve Curwood recently interviewed Goldman Environmental Prize winner Alannah Acaq Hurley, executive director of the United Tribes of Bristol Bay, Alaska.

Steve Curwood
“In 2001, a Canadian mining company proposed a massive gold and copper mine at the headwaters of Bristol Bay, a pristine water system on the coast of the Alaska Peninsula that’s home to the largest sockeye salmon run in the world. The salmon support a thriving ecosystem and are a cultural and economic lifeblood for native Alaskans, who have stewarded the land and water for thousands of years. And as the company moved ahead with plans to build the largest open pit mine in North America, those indigenous communities joined together to bring it to a halt. In 2023 they secured a rare ‘EPA veto’ of the proposed Pebble Mine, and the 2026 Goldman Environmental Prize for North America recognizes an Indigenous leader in this fight.

Alannah Acaq Hurley
“My Yup’ik name is Acaq. My Irish name is Alannah Hurley. … Acaq is my great-grandmother’s name.

Curwood
“Alannah, before we start talking about your work protecting Bristol Bay, paint us a picture of the bay. What makes this such a special place? …

Hurley
“It has all the different types of terrain in all of Alaska, in one place. Where I live, at the mouth of the Nushagak and Wood River, we have everything from tundra and wetlands to mountains, freshwater lakes, freshwater rivers, the muddy waters of Nushagak Bay, the beautiful, crystal clear ocean waters as you go west towards Togiak and Twin Hills. … It’s so pristine you can still hunt and fish and pick berries and eat them straight from the land. You can drink right out of the lake and rivers. It’s paradise. …

Curwood
“It produces, what, more than $2 billion of annual revenue from Sockeye fishing alone. It’s also an important food source and cultural site for Indigenous communities, First Alaskans. Talk to me about what the bay means to the people in the area.

Hurley
“So there are three different Indigenous groups in Bristol Bay, the Yup’ik people, the Dena’ina people, and the Alutiiq people. And our homeland, you know, has been stewarded by our people for thousands and thousands of years. They’ve taken care of this place and entrusted it to us. Our lands, our water, and everything that that entails, the salmon, the moose, the caribou, the bears, us, our freshwater fish, our berries, our plants, our medicines, we very much view it as all very connected. So anything that happens to our lands and waters happens to us. And so it is everything to us. It is the health of our people, physically, culturally, spiritually, it sustains us. It nourishes us. We’re so blessed to be able to live in the ways that our ancestors have lived. …

Curwood
“In the year 2001 or so, the Northern Dynasty Minerals mining company proposed the development of what’s called the Pebble Mine. … What would have been the environmental impact of such a project?

Hurley
“The environmental impact of the Pebble project would have been devastation. … That picture is not a question of, if something will happen, but when, especially in an earthquake-prone zone, and in a very interconnected, you know, hydrologically interconnected place, they’re like the veins of the bay, like the body, everything is connected, all of that water is connected. …

Curwood
“Some say that there are literally hundreds of billions of dollars worth of copper and gold and other minerals in the area for the Pebble Mine. Sounds like a lot of money, but you didn’t see this as good news for your community if this got developed.

Hurley
“No, we did not. … Very early on, the vast majority of Bristol Bay’s people said, no, no way, this is not worth the risk. You cannot put a price tag on our water and what salmon mean to us as a people. …

Curwood
“Now, correct me if I’m wrong, but my understanding of a lot of Alaskan politics means that at the state level, there wasn’t a huge amount of pushback against this Pebble Mine proposal.

Hurley
“Yeah, our people’s concerns were really falling on deaf ears at the state level. We saw the state rewrite our area management plan illegally, without proper input or public process or consultation with our tribes. … And so because our concerns were falling on deaf ears at the state level, our tribal governments really saw the federal government as the place to put some energy, and that was where kind of the petition to the EPA came from, because the state was not listening. They were doing the exact opposite, to really grease the skids for the company to move forward. …

“The tribes petitioned in 2010 to prohibit all mines like Pebble within the Bristol Bay watershed. The EPA came back and said, we’re not going to act on a prohibition immediately under our authority under the Clean Water Act, but we are going to study Bristol Bay. We want to do an assessment. And we want to ask, is this place really unique, and what does this fishery mean to the state and people? … They took three years to do a bunch of studies. They were in a lot of different communities, there was a lot of peer review to answer those questions, and after that very long, drawn-out assessment, they determined what our people had been saying all along. …

“It was a bit of a roller coaster between the different administrations, but it’s really a testament to the dedication of our people and our region, that regardless of the administration, regardless of winning and losing court cases, they did not give up. And so the EPA, in January of 2023, finalized protections to stop the project.”

More at Living on Earth, here.

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