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Lamb Mowers

Photo: Lambmowers.com.

When I was in New York during my sister’s illness, I walked around a lot and saw some wonderful sights. One was a small churchyard where rented sheep from out of state were doing the maintenance work.

The idea is catching on.

Michael J. Coren writes at the Washington Post, “Every summer, before heading to the beach, we’d have to ensure [my friend’s] grass was cut. We’d push a roaring lawn mower under the scorching Florida sun. The carpet of scratchy St. Augustine grass seemed to grow faster than we could mow it.

“If only I had known about the amazing grazing solution pioneered millennia ago. ‘Lawn mowers’ were once synonymous with hoofed livestock — goats, sheep, horses and other herbivores — that foraged grasses, seedlings and what are now called weeds. By constantly mowing and fertilizing, they created open pastures and lawns.

“A variety of storied lawns have relied on grazing to keep up appearances. Starting in 1863, sheep were a common sight in New York’s Central Park — the ‘Sheep Meadow‘ was not a metaphor. Flocks could be found munching on public parks in London, Boston and Chicago. In 1914, more than 100 sheep were invited to the nation’s capital to graze near the Lincoln Memorial, and later the White House grounds. Then they promptly disappeared as machines assumed their role.

“After a long hiatus, animals are returning. Europe, ravaged by wildfires, is now paying for fire flocks, herds of sheep to thin vegetation and reduce wildfire risk, resurrecting the silvopastoralism of the past. Sheep are appearing in solar farms, vineyards, cemeteries, golf courses and even atop green roofs. California is enlisting goats as firefighters across the state, while the University of California at Davis relies on sheep to keep its campus in good health.

“Suburbia is the next frontier. Lamb Mowers, billed as the country’s only sheep-led lawn care service, is munching its way to success. The small business in Northern Virginia employs more than a dozen sheep to mow, weed and fertilize suburban lawns across the region. The modest animals are changing hearts and minds, and perhaps pointing Americans toward a different relationship with their grass.

“If grass were a crop, it would be the largest in the United States. Turf grass covers an estimated 1.9 percent of the continental United States, according to a 2005 NASA analysis of satellite images, including residential and commercial lawns, golf courses and similar landscapes. Together, these would represent the largest irrigated crop in the United States, three times bigger than corn.

“This comes at a steep cost— not least to wildlife displaced by sod. The average homeowner spends about 70 hours a year on lawn and garden care, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ American Time Use Survey. Maintenance costs are hundreds of dollars per year, according to estimates by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln’s extension service.

“But Cory Suter, the self-described ‘Chief Shepherd’ of Lamb Mowers, discovered another way on his permaculture farm in Northern Virginia. Since 2016, rather than pull out heavy equipment, Suter released his flock of babydoll Southdown sheep to graze on nuisance plants such as poison ivy and multiflora rose. It worked. And he realized a market probably existed in the surrounding suburbs.

“So he bought a trailer, loaded up about 15 sheep, and opened for business. People were soon booking regular two-hour, $195 visits for ‘weed and feed’: The sheep clip the grass tops and munch weeds, while leaving sheep pellets that dissolve into rich fertilizer in the first rain or watering.For bigger jobs, Lamb Mowers offered a 24-hour Sheep-over’ for $250, a price he says is competitive with comparable fossil-fuel-powered lawn services.

“Sheep are lawn care experts. They are more gentle grazers than goats or horses, clipping grass tops and nibbling weeds homeowners would like removed. They leave about four inches of the blade: just the right height, says Michigan State University Extension, to maximize root growth and shade out weeds. Any lower, as some lawn companies mow, and the grass will grow even faster to reach the sun, necessitating more mowing.

“ ‘Sheep love the sweet tips of grass, and biodiverse diets like the weeds in your yard’ including bittercress, chickweed and onion grass, says Suter, who grew up farming on a Mennonite homestead in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. ‘That’s a perfect buffet for our sheep.’ ” More at the Post, here.

Is now the time I remind readers that lawns are generally bad for the environment and that we need lawn weeds for pollinators if we want them to make our food possible? Oh, well, sometimes we do need lawns. For kids to play on, say. Definitely better than plastic astroturf.

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Photo: Janie Korn.
“Challah Menorah” by Janie Korn. 

Today is the first day of Hanukkah, and I can finally share the Hyperallergic article I’ve been saving on the creativity that goes into making menorahs.

Sarah Rose Sharp writes, “The central activity of the eight-night holiday is the lighting of candles, which symbolizes the restoration of the Temple of Jerusalem in 164 BCE, reclaimed from Seleucid takeover in 175 BCE. After Judah the Maccabee led a rebel force to win back the Temple, only enough lamp oil remained to last for a single night. But legend has it that the lamps burned for eight nights, and because of this, celebrants light an escalating series of eight candles held by a menorah.

“As a fixture of even largely non-practicing Jewish households, menorahs come in all styles, from traditional to modern, simple to maximalist. Their aesthetics and symbolism are a vast subject, but in honor of Hanukkah year 5783 (by the Hebrew calendar), let’s take a look at some great menorahs that break the mold!

“New York’s very own Jewish Museum has a vast collection of Hanukkah lamps — the largest in the world, with more than 1,000 pieces — like a whimsical deconstructed menorah by Peter Shire. Senior Curator Claudia Nahson explained how artists like Shire, working in the 1980s, began to upend the centuries-old menorah design. …

“ ‘Peter Shire typically takes familiar objects and reimagines their shapes, colors, and materials so that we barely recognize them,’ Nahson told Hyperallergic. ‘In his inventive Hanukkah lamp, a mixture of pastel and hot colors, industrial metals, and a cantilevered, swirling arrangement of parts challenge the modernist aesthetic of simplicity that had dominated design for a century.’ …

“While most menorahs rigidly indicate where to place the nightly candles, the ‘Emerald Ripple Menorah’ by the local industrial design studio Friends Of takes a more organic approach, enabling the user to arrange the candles in circles that radiate out from the center point, occupied by the shamash that is used to light the other candles. …

“Why not celebrate Hanukkah with a candle-lit shoutout to everyone’s favorite egg bread? This incredible menorah [above] was created by visual artist and curator Janie Korn, and is sure to make any carb-lover light up.

“Since holidays of all kinds are an opportunity to gather with your community and engage in the roots that connect us to something bigger, menorahs of mushroom clusters by ceramic artist Ben Noam perfectly encapsulate the spirit of the season. Noam’s series, which he began for his own family to celebrate the holiday, reimagines the age-old rites of Hanukkah in a fun and colorful piece that can displayed year-round.

“ ‘[I] drew on the California Clay Movement to create a psychedelic fantasy rooted in Jewish stories,’ Noam told Hyperallergic. ‘The mushrooms form architectural villages — like a shtetl — inspired by the bright colors of Chagall, Jewish modernism, and the forest mushrooms that emerge with the changing of the seasons.’ …

“Holidays are also a great time to reflect on where you’ve been and where you’re going. In 2021, the Jewish Museum Berlin expanded their collection to include their first-ever modern menorah, a stunning 1924 work by the German-born sculptor Ludwig Yehuda Wolpert that evokes Art Deco sensitivities. Hetty Berg, the museum’s director, explained that the acquisition was in line with the institution’s focus on Jewish ceremonial objects by German artists from the late 19th and early 20th century.

“ ‘We want to document the stylistic change that took place during this era,’ Berg said. ‘Only a very small number of Jewish ceremonial objects made by artists in Germany during the 1920s still exist today. Wolpert’s Hanukkah menorah is a prime example of this decisive period and Modernism’s creative awakening, and it fills a gap in the museum’s collection.’

“And this is hardly the only 20th century artist moved by the imagery of menorahs. Though the Surrealist painter Salvador Dalí was not Jewish, he produced several sculptures inspired by the branches of the olive tree that grows in Jerusalem. (The olive tree is also an important symbol of Palestinian resistance.) Dalí’s 1981 ‘Peace Menorah’ has organic lines and subtle details, including a face and a star of David etched into its stem.

“When it comes to fine art menorahs, there are clearly many directions one can turn, but obviously the most avant-garde is not part of any museum collection, but available online at BananaMenorah.com. … Very much in the spirit of Hanukkah, Banana Menorah is an institution born out of scrappy necessity. According to their website, Samantha Weisman was visiting her goyish boyfriend, Zach Lupei, over college winter break and needed to improvise a menorah to celebrate Hanukkah.

“ ‘That first menorah was created from an underripe banana, a chopstick, and some creative thinking,’ according to Weisman and Lupei. They’ve celebrated with banana menorahs ever since, and finally decided to quit wasting bananas and make things official in stainless steel.”

More great menorah photos at Hyperallergic, here. No firewall. And check out the wild array of menorahs at the Jewish Museum in New York, here.

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Photo: Sophie Hills/The Christian Science Monitor.
Heinz Thomet stands in a field of sesame on his farm in Newburg, Maryland, Aug. 17. Mr. Thomet tries to grow nearly everything he eats.

I love the first line of today’s story about “one of only two commercial rice farmers in Maryland.” Because who knew there were rice farmers anywhere in the US? Don’t you think of rice farmers as being almost entirely in places like Japan and Vietnam?

Sophie Hills writes at the Christian Science Monitor, “Heinz Thomet is one of only two commercial rice farmers in Maryland. The other is Nazirahk Amen of Purple Mountain Organics. Not one to accept the status quo, Mr. Thomet grows six varieties of rice on his farm in southern Maryland, where most fields are planted with soybeans and corn. Mr. Thomet didn’t start growing rice until sometime during the past decade. His explanation for why he added the crop is simple: ‘I eat rice.’ …

He is the sort of person who has utter faith in natural processes but none in institutions.

“He’s always been a farmer, from growing up on a farm in Switzerland to working on a famed biodynamic farm in the United States as a young man. Since 2000, he’s farmed in Newburg, Maryland. There, in addition to the rice, he grows barley, Sichuan peppers, bananas, grapes, bitter lemons, oats, kiwis, sesame seeds, figs, and more, depending on the season. 

“It’s difficult to make a profit on rice in Maryland. Farm-to-table was a natural concept for Mr. Thomet even before the movement expanded out of California in the early 2000s.

And though small-scale, direct-to-consumer farming is difficult to justify commercially, Mr. Thomet’s main concern remains the quality of the food he grows and stewardship of his land.

“In this case, that means successfully producing rice – a crop grown by few others on the East Coast. ‘Nothing of what I do makes sense for a cheap food system, but if you recognize a decentralized food system as food security, then I start to make sense,’ says Mr. Thomet. ‘If you look at diversified farms as part of the resilience towards a global weather pattern change, then I start to make change.’

“In an era of climate disruptions that are changing where everything from coffee and cacao to mustard and olives can be successfully grown, a decentralized food supply – like the one Mr. Thomet espouses – is getting a second look.

“After decades of factory farming and reliance on a global food chain that sends bananas, grapes, mangoes, and avocados thousands of miles to stores, returning to the idea that food should be grown where it is eaten is no easy task. And rice-growing is a useful case study.

“It’s unusual to find rice farmers anywhere on the East Coast, says Raghupathy Karthikeyan, Newman endowed chair of natural resources engineering at Clemson University in South Carolina. Rice production in the U.S. now takes place mainly on commercial farms in the Midwest and the South. But Mr. Thomet and fellow farmer Mr. Amen are holding on, despite the tight profit margin for small-scale, organic farmers.

“Both Mr. Thomet and Mr. Amen grow upland rice, a method that doesn’t use water for weed control, instead requiring labor-intensive weeding. While both sell their rice, neither grows enough to register on the U.S. Department of Agriculture census. Historically, Maryland farms mainly grew tobacco, and South Carolina was rice country. But the end of slavery and changing weather patterns made rice-farming less profitable. At one time, about 225,000 acres in South Carolina were planted with rice. Today, it’s somewhere between 25 and 50 acres. In Maryland, it’s 2.

“Agriculture in Maryland, as in most of the U.S., doesn’t supply much of the produce purchased in the state. Maryland farms produce more grain than other crops, and most of that is used for livestock feed and seed. 

“Mr. Thomet’s interest is in locally grown crops for food, and he has a loyal base of customers, including restaurants. 

“For Mr. Thomet, it’s not just about protecting the locavore movement. It’s also about stewardship. He quotes the motto of his family’s farm, Next Step Produce: ‘Committed to growing nourishing food in harmony with nature.’ …

“He eats what he grows and tries to grow whatever he wants to eat. In fact, Mr. Thomet has a nearly complete food system growing on the 30 acres he cultivates. The one thing he can’t grow is sugar cane, so he grows sweet sorghum instead, which is made into molasses. 

“Day length, sun exposure, and night temperature in Maryland are all sufficient for rice to thrive, he says. Next Step Produce starts the rice in a greenhouse and then transplants it, allowing for more growing days so the farm can grow higher-yield varieties.

“Whether upland or lowland, rice is no longer profitable to grow in South Carolina – the historical center of U.S. rice-farming – unless it’s grown as a hobby, says Dr. Karthikeyan, who’s leading a study on climate-resilient rice production. The remaining commercial rice farms he’s aware of in the U.S. all grow lowland rice in paddy fields.

“Rice is a labor-intensive crop, even if you flood it, says Dr. Karthikeyan. The yield gap between upland and lowland rice is large, making it hard to turn a profit growing commercial varieties upland. That extra labor limits how many acres of rice Mr. Thomet plants, since they’re weeded by hand. It’s also reflected in the price, he says.

“Still, in his eyes, everything comes down to priorities and societal values. There’s no good reason everyone shouldn’t have access to nutritious, locally grown food, he says. Next Step Produce, which he runs with his wife and daughters, was certified organic for two decades until last year, when a red-tape snarl was the last straw for Mr. Thomet. But his customers don’t care about the label at this point, he says. They know his growing practices. …

“Benjamin Lambert, the executive chef at Modena, a restaurant in Washington, D.C., has bought from Mr. Thomet since 2007, when he met him at a local farmers market. ‘As a chef, you look for good ingredients,’ he says, standing in the restaurant, a James Beard Award hanging just behind him.”

More at the Monitor, here. No firewall. Subscriptions solicited.

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I’m taking it a bit easy as I recover from Covid, but I wanted to show you how things have looked around here lately. The photos are mostly from my routine walks along the road by the golf course. Sometimes I take golf course pictures and send them to Lynn in Florida, where she can play all year. I love the long early-morning shadows. Soon the hills and sand traps will be covered in snow.

The other photos include samples of fall color that came late this year, the foggy river, wet leaves, a last nasturtium, and feathery grasses.

Erik’s mom sent the last picture. She, too, has moved into a retirement place, but in Sweden. The photo shows her lifting a glass with other residents celebrating their 80th year. Don’t you love the looms?

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Art: Asher Durand.
Nineteenth-century paintings of old growth forests are helping ecologists learn about what we have lost. Asher Durand, for example, understood the way that beech trees fit into their forest habitats. A) “In the Woods” (1855); B) “Woodland Interior” (c. 1854), oil on canvas; C) “A Brook in the Woods” (c. 1854), graphite, gouache, and white lead on paper.

Call me retro, but I’ll always love the Hudson River School paintings of a long-gone majestic American wilderness. So do ecologists, as it turns out.

Elaine Velie reports at Hyperallergic on a new study showing that the 19th-century paintings have a value beyond the aesthetic.

“The Hudson River School movement is an enduringly popular slice of 19th-century American art history,” Velie writes, “but as beloved as it is, its paintings of bucolic hills drenched in golden light are not particularly known for their adherence to reality. In a recently published study, a team of ecologists and art historians set out to determine just how true to life these works really were.

“Using onsite sketches and historical writings, the team determined that some of these paintings were true to life. … 

Some were so detailed that they could even help scientists today learn about the centuries-old forests that were destroyed before the advent of color photography.

“Dana Warren and Harper Loeb of Oregon State University published their findings last month in the academic journal Ecosphere along with scholars Peter Betjemann, Isabel Munck, William Keeton, David Shaw, and Eleanor Harvey.

“ ‘I have been interested in understanding older forests and old growth forest systems in the Northeast for a while,’ Warren told Hyperallergic. … ‘I was interested in these 19th-century paintings, but I had always thought that issues of artistic license removed the potential for any of these images to be used in a rigorous quantitative way.’ She paired up with art historians to investigate.

“The interdisciplinary team focused on Hudson River School paintings completed between 1830 and 1880, when Northeastern forests were being cleared for farms but more remote regions still remained untouched by European colonizers. Blights and invasive species had yet to arrive, and trees like the chestnut, ash, and elm still shaded the woodland floor. …

“In the early 1800s, American painters began working en plein air. Portable oil paints had come into fashion, and growing infrastructure made it easier to venture upstate. A fascination with ‘wilderness’ in literature and art emerged alongside the dark underpinnings of ‘manifest destiny‘ and colonial expansion. 

“As creators emphasized nature, they were acutely aware of the changing landscapes around them.

“ ‘The beauty of [untouched] landscapes is quickly passing away,’ Thomas Cole, the painter credited with founding the Hudson River School movement, wrote in 1836. ‘The ravages of the axe are daily increasing — the most noble scenes are made desolate.’

“While painters like Cole crafted dramatic allegorical renderings of the forests disappearing around them … other artists adhered to observational truth. 

“Warren and her team used the interior forest scenes of prominent Hudson River School painter Asher Durand (1796–1886) as a case study, examining his onsite sketches, writings, and oil paintings to establish the veracity of his finished works. …

“Durand explicitly stated his emphasis on depicting the natural world just as he saw it. Like other artists, Durand had been familiarized with the specimen-based botany that had been available in published form since the 1700s. 

“The scholars examined an 1855 Durand painting of the Catskills titled ‘In the Woods’ — a calm depiction of a shady stream lined with beech trees. Notably, an 1854 painting of the same scene excludes these plants, but an onsite sketch of a similar setting includes them, signifying that the artist added the trees into his final painting from a real sketch. …

“Warren said her recent study is a ‘proof of concept,’ and that she thinks the team’s exploration of Durand’s paintings can extend to the work of other artists. For now, Hudson River School depictions of microhabitats — groupings of flora like mushrooms on tree trunks and mats of moss on bark — can help ecologists learn about what old growth forests were really like. 

“With an interdisciplinary approach to ecology and art history, the scholars think paintings of the American West could help scientists learn about long-melted glaciers and plowed prairie biomes, and artworks showing the coast could help researchers study lost marsh habitats.”

Today we have lots of color photography, but if any of you artists out there want to help the scientists of the future, you know the way.

Check out the art at the Hyperallergic, here. No firewall, but subscriptions solicited.

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Photo: Arthur Allen/Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Ivory-billed woodpeckers in Louisiana in 1935.

When our younger granddaughter was in pre-school and learned about dinosaurs, she latched on to the word “extinct.” The idea of something being completely gone was powerful to her, and when she was angry at her brother she turned the word a verb: “I’m going to extinct you.”

Today I learned about the variety of reasons we keep some things off the extinct list even when they seem gone forever. As Rachel Ramirez reported at CNN, Federal wildlife officials “are delaying a long-awaited decision to declare the ivory-billed woodpecker extinct, months after grainy photos and videos emerged that purported to show the bird flying through a Louisiana forest.

“In 2021, the agency seemed ready to declare the so-called Lord God Bird extinct: The US Fish and Wildlife Service announced plans to remove 23 species, including the ivory-billed woodpecker, from the endangered species list due to extinction. Thorough scrutiny of ‘the best scientific and commercial data available’ had led to the conclusion the bird no longer exists, the agency told CNN.

“[But in October] Fish and Wildlife declared 21 of those species extinct — and the ivory-billed woodpecker is not among them. …

“The government’s last accepted sighting of the red-crowned bird species was in April 1944 by artist and birder Don Eckelberry.

“But expert biologists and birdwatchers have been adamant the nation’s largest woodpecker is still out there. Just after the feds announced the proposal to remove the bird, public comments poured in from ornithologists, amateur birders and even communities like the Cherokee Nation, whose leaders asserted the creature is a symbol whose ‘influence on our cultural activities remains to this day.’

“Amid the wave of testimony, the wildlife service invited more public comment and announced extensions to its decision that effectively postponed its ivory bill verdict into 2023. Now, that critical decision to delist the bird is once again delayed. …

“ ‘John Fitzpatrick, a renowned ornithologist and retired director emeritus of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, told CNN, ‘Evidence of its persistence continues to emerge, albeit none of it 100% convincing to everyone.’

“Since the 1944 sighting, the only other ‘compelling evidence,’ according to the federal wildlife service, was 2005 research from Fitzpatrick and his associates that claimed ivory bill sightings in eastern Arkansas’ Cache River National Wildlife Refuge. …

“In 2022, CNN joined avid birdwatchers to search the Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge in Louisiana, where the ivory-billed woodpecker was last officially seen. Around the same time, a group known as Project Principalis — a nod to the ivory bill’s scientific name, Campephilus principalis — was gathering evidence observed over the prior decade by Steve Latta of the National Aviary and other colleagues.

“Using unmanned trail cameras and drones, they’d captured grainy pictures of what they claimed was the ivory bill.

“ ‘We have some of the best images, if not the best images, that have been produced in 80 years,’ Latta, who claimed he has seen the bird in 2019, told CNN at the time.

“This May, Project Principalis published peer-reviewed research that unveiled such recordings, which they submitted to the feds, including a drone video from October 2022 of two ivory bills quickly flying onto a tree branch.

“ ‘Our ultimate goal is the conservation of the species, its habitat, and the many other species relying on that habitat,’ Latta told CNN Monday. ‘Keeping the Ivory-billed Woodpecker on the Endangered Species list brings us one step closer to that goal.’ ”

More at CNN, here.

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Photo: The Real West Virginia.
When the band teacher left, ten students decided to manage the band themselves.

This is the story of ten self-motivated students in West Virginia who didn’t want to give up band after the instructor left and no one else applied for the job.

Stephen Baldwin reports at the Real West Virginia, “Last year, the Pocahontas County High School Band had 38 student members and a full-time teacher. But over the summer, their director took another job and the school board had no applicants for the vacant position. 

“ ‘It was such a downer,’ remembers Jadyn Lane. ‘But we were given a choice.’ 

“Principal Joe Riley told them they could sign up for other electives, or find a way to make the band work.

“Most students signed up for other electives, but ten students decided to stay. … ‘It wasn’t an option to quit,’ says Hailey Fitzgerald. ‘I’ve been in the band for seven years. I love it! It’s too important for too many reasons.’ … 

“The students nominated Hailey as director, a position she accepted on the condition they would all work together and share responsibilities. They recruited Casey Griffith and Jennifer Nail-Cook to be their official faculty advisors. Casey does the paperwork, and Jennifer helps with the music. 

“ ‘They direct themselves,’ says Casey, who teaches math at Pocahontas County High School. ‘Have they told you about their rules?’ 

“Front and center on the band room whiteboard are a set of rules which they students created themselves. Rule 1–Be ready to play with your instrument within five minutes of arriving at class. Rule 2–Follow the director’s lead. (No complaining about which songs they’d play.) Rule 3–Keep the band room clean. (No sugary drinks which might hurt the instruments.) Rule 4–Take your instruments home on the weekend to practice. Rule 5–Only play your instrument. 

“In addition, they made a calendar of their upcoming gigs–football games, Homecoming, and Veterans Day. It included a daily countdown to each event so they’d be prepared. 

“Perhaps most importantly, they decided which instruments were necessary to make a band of this size work – clarinet, trumpet, alto, tenor, and drums. 

“But they still had one big problem. Most of them were drummers. And they weren’t a drumline. … How could they play those instruments with the people they had? 

“ ‘Several members switched instruments and some even learned brand new ones,’ Hailey says. ‘We aren’t even big enough to fill a closet, but we have instruments and uniforms and we are a band.’ 

“The time came last month for their first public performance. It was a home football game against Richwood. They had no idea what to expect. Would it work? Would the crowd cheer them on? Would they amp up the football team? …

“To their surprise, a group of students made posters for the band and hung them at the entrance to the football field. As they walked to the game, they saw the posters for the first time. 

“ ‘We thought some people didn’t even know we still had a band,’ says Jadyn. But their classmates had been paying attention and wanted to make their first game special. ‘This is the most support we’ve ever gotten.’ The Pocahontas County Warriors won the game. …

“Taking on the task of directing themselves has seen challenges and opportunities. 

“Kaidence says this version of the band is easier in some ways. ‘We can help each other directly with instrumentation.’ 

“ ‘It is hard to find music, though,’ Hailey adds. ‘The skill level isn’t the issue; it’s our size and instruments.’ …

“Hailey isn’t holding back as director. She set an aggressive schedule for the band. ‘We’ll do all home football games, a Veteran’s Day event, and ratings.’ 

“Ratings is an annual event which every band in the state is required to attend. They are graded on their performance. 

“ ‘If they didn’t do ratings this year, they’d be put on restrictions next year,’ adds Casey. ‘If you don’t do well at ratings, you get put on an improvement plan.’ …

“Hailey says the school board is still trying to find a band director. She appreciates that they’ve explored every option to find someone.  But even if they can’t, she’s not worried. ‘We’ll keep doing it,’ she says.

“ ‘Band is a weird family,’ her twin Miles chimes in, ‘but a family nonetheless.’ ” 

More at the Real West Virginia, here. I originally saw the story at the Post, here.

PS. If there is anything funky about the editing here, blame it on the fact that I just tested positive for Covid. Feeling icky.

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Photo: Stefan Lefnaer via Wikimedia.
In the video below, an Arabidopsis plant warns of danger from a hungry caterpillar.

I think we are lucky to be learning so much about the natural world these days. I didn’t study much science in school, but who wouldn’t love scientific research that reveals such wonders as plants’ communications systems.

Kasha Patel at the Washington Post writes that some plants actually warn their brethren when it’s necessary to increase defenses.

“Trees on our Earth can communicate and warn each other of danger,” she says, “and a new study explains how.

“Injured plants emit certain chemical compounds, which can infiltrate a healthy plant’s inner tissues and activate defenses from within its cells, the new research found. …

“For the first time, researchers have been able to ‘visualize plant-to-plant communication,’ said Masatsugu Toyotasenior author of the study, which was [published] in Nature Communications. ‘We can probably hijack this system to inform the entire plant to activate different stress responses against a future threat or environmental threats, such as drought.’

“The idea of ‘talking’ trees started to take root in the 1980s. Two ecologists placed hundreds of caterpillars and webworms on the branches of willow and alder trees to observe how the trees would respond. They found the attacked trees began producing chemicals that made their leaves unappetizing and indigestible to deter insects. …

The scientists discovered healthy trees of the same species, located 30 or 40 meters away and with no root connections to the damaged trees, also put up the same chemical defenses to prepare against an insect invasion.

“Another pair of scientists around that time found similar results when studying damaged sugar maple and poplar trees. …The trees sent chemical signals to one another through the air, known today as plant eavesdropping. Over the past four decades, scientists have observed this cell-to-cell communication in more than 30 plant species, including lima bean, tobacco, tomato, sage brush and flowering plants in the mustard family.

“But no one knew which compounds were important and how they were being sensed — until now. …

“Plants obviously don’t have ears and eyes, but past research shows they communicate with their surroundings by emitting chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, which we can smell. … Plants can produce an array of these compounds for different purposes. Some are used to attract pollinators or as defense against predators.

“However, one class of these compounds are emitted when a plant is injured: green leafy volatiles. These are emitted by, as the name suggests, pretty much every green plant with leaves, and are produced when a plant experiences physical damage. An example of this compound is the smell released from fresh-cut grass.

“In the new study, Toyota and his colleagues manually crushed leaves and placed caterpillars on Arabidopsis mustard or tomato plants to trigger the emission of various green leafy volatiles. Then, they spread individual fumes to healthy plants to see if the plants would react.

“To track the healthy plants’ responses, the team genetically modified the plants so calcium ions would fluoresce when activated inside individual cells. Calcium signaling is important for cellular functions in most living organisms on Earth, including humans. … Depending on the plant, it can trigger messages to close its leaves or digest an insect.

“After testing many green leafy volatiles, the team found only two seemed to increase calcium ions inside cells. Additionally, they found calcium signaling first increased in guard cells forming the plant’s leaf pores, or stomata — an important finding, because it shows the compounds are absorbed into the plant’s inner tissues. …

“The calcium signaling, Toyota said, is like a switch to turn on the defense responses from the plant. … For example, Toyota said the plant may start producing certain proteins to inhibit insects from munching on them, giving the insects diarrhea. …

“With this new understanding, researchers say plants could be immunized against threats and stressors before they even happen — the equivalent of giving a plant a vaccine. For instance, exposing healthy plants to insect-ridden plants or the associated green leafy volatiles could boost their genetic defenses, so farmers use less pesticides, Kessler said. The revelation could also help make plants more resilient during a drought, signaling the plants to retain more water.”

More at the Post, here.

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Photo: Plant Image Library, Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0.
Pawpaw trees provide a rich tropical fruit, whose flavor has been compared to that of mangoes and bananas. Loved by Native Americans, pawpaws once fed people escaping slavery.

Recently the environmental radio show Living on Earth took a look at a fruit long beloved of indigenous people, the pawpaw, and asked whether it might be a good plant to introduce beyond its traditional range.

“STEVE CURWOOD: In many parts of North America, it’s well past harvest time, but not for the pawpaw. The pawpaw is a native fruit in the Eastern US that ripens in the late fall. Pawpaws were a delicious food source for Native Americans, as well for people escaping from slavery on the journey North to freedom. And there are still some pawpaw patches feeding folks today, though you can’t find them in grocery stores. Last spring When Living on Earth’s Bobby Bascomb spoke with Michael Weishan, former host of The Victory Garden on PBS, about gardening amid the coronavirus, Michael offered to dig up a few of his pawpaws for Bobby to try growing at home. …

“MICHAEL WEISHAN: Welcome to my pawpaw grove. So in front of us is the tree, It’s probably now about 30 feet tall and 15 feet wide. These are big, long lanceolate leaves [about] seven, eight inches long, three inches wide. And then as you go up, you see that they’re starting to change color. And that they’re a brilliant, brilliant yellow, which is one of the great fall features of this tree. …

“BOBBY BASCOMB: I’ve never seen one in the flesh, so to speak. [I] thought that they would be maybe bigger or greener or something.

“WEISHAN: It looks something like a green potato, wouldn’t you say?

“BASCOMB: Yeah, it’s a green potato. They’re sort of stuck together like a snow man or something. …

“WEISHAN: They’re not in commercial production because they’re very variable. So it would be very hard to ship them. They’re also, here you can feel one, they’re also quite soft.

“BASCOMB: Yeah, it’s like a ripe avocado. …

“WEISHAN: These trees are very unusual in that they form thickets … and they’re all tied via underground runners. And so when you try to go dig one up, you sever the runner. …

“BASCOMB: Now do they only reproduce by sending out runners? Or can you also take a seed and grow it and get a pawpaw? …

“WEISHAN: You can definitely plant the seeds. And presumably, that’s how this was grown. And that would actually be an easier way to propagate than these cuttings because then of course, it would form the roots within the pot. …

“The flowers are really interesting, too. They’re beautiful, long [inch] and a half flowers of a dark sort of vermilion purple color. And, interestingly, they have very little smell or a very unpleasant smell depending on your nose.

[They’re] propagated by flies, and not by bees. They bloom very early, before the bees are active. …

“BASCOMB: I was under under the impression that they grow really well in the south, like the Mid-Atlantic region and New England was sort of pushing the envelope for pawpaws. But yours looks pretty good here. …

“WEISHAN: We are at the northern edge of the range. So how much further north they will go? I don’t know. You’re right. They’re very well known down in the Mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States. However, with [climate change] things are moving north. …

“Plant it. If it dies, try the seeds. … I’m just gonna cut this open and then split it apart. [You] can see it’s like a banana. So at this point, I’m gonna give you a spoon. And these are the big black seeds. And you just take the seeds out, and then scoop it out like you would custard.

“BASCOMB: Hmm! It’s so good. Not what I expected. Everybody says banana and mango. And it’s got like, the texture of banana maybe, but …

“WEISHAN: It’s a delicious eating experience prized by the Native Americans. Of course, this was a principal food source all up and down the East Coast. A beautiful tree, great flower, great fruit … and great fall color. So if you can grow one of these in your yard, I highly recommend it.

“BASCOMB: [They] taste like a tropical fruit, almost, here in New England, which is so unusual. But … we’re into November and you’re just now harvesting these. That’s pretty unusual. [Even] apples are sort of on their way out at this point.”

More at Living on Earth, here. I’m thinking Deb will know something about pawpaws. Her blog has taught me a lot about life in the South.

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Photo: BBC News.
Rooted in Hull, a nonprofit that teaches people how to grow produce in urban areas, flourishes in the industrial heartland of Hull, UK.

Here’s a city in the UK that is essentially giving residents permission to save the planet in those small ways that can add up. It’s about growing healthful food where polluting industry once held sway.

Kevin Shoesmith writes at BBC News, “Hull looks set to become the first UK city to give people the ‘right to grow’ food on disused council land.

“Council bosses say the move would bring communities together, reduce antisocial behavior and make places look better, as well as put quality food on dinner plates. As campaigners call for the idea to be adopted nationally, BBC News visited one Hull-based community group that is ahead of the curve, growing healthy food in the shadows of factories. …

“In multiple raised beds on a graveled patch of land off St Peter’s Street, plants flourish, irrigated using a system which collects and stores rainwater from the roof of the Royal Mail’s sorting office next door.

“Stopping to inspect an apple tree as an HGV rattles by, Martin King, manager of Rooted in Hull, a not-for-profit community organization, said staff and volunteers have proven food can be grown almost anywhere.

” ‘You don’t need a lot at all,’ he says, grinning. ‘Joinery students at Hull College made the raised beds for us.’

“The organization acquired the land in 2015, with Mr King explaining it was once a basin used to hold ships delivering timber to a nearby dock. A stipulation of the lease, he told me, is that no foundations must be dug, hence the presence of containers, a compost toilet and even a reed bed that filters dirty dishwater. …

“[King is] supportive of Hull councillors who recently unanimously passed a ‘right to grow’ motion. If approved by the city council’s scrutiny committee, a map would eventually be produced showing suitable land it owns that could be used by those who want to grow their own fresh food.

“Hull would become the first city in the UK to give people a right to grow on unused council land. …

“Inside a grocery box before us is an abundance of autumnal vegetables destined for the dinner plates of volunteers. Glancing over the road towards the muddy banks of the River Hull, [King] says: ‘Let’s wash away the idea that Hull is some rundown backwater.’

“Incredible Edible, a network of more than 150 community growing groups, is pressing for more councils to do the same. The group insists unused land could ‘with a little TLC be turned into oases for food and wildlife.’ …

” ‘Land already earmarked for building in the future could be temporarily used to grow food,’ [Councillor Gill Kennett] says. ‘Years pass before the foundations are laid and fruit and vegetables could be grown over several seasons.’

“Councillor Mark Ieronimo, the council’s infrastructure portfolio holder, says the city is ‘blessed with green areas,’ adding there are also spaces that are no longer used, such as former car parks. … ‘This will bring people together and it’ll improve mental health and reduce food waste.’

“Back at Rooted in Hull, two volunteers beaver away, weeding and removing the remains of wilted, summer crops. Kale and butternut squash are in plentiful supply.

“Mr King agrees community gardening projects such as this one can help boost mental wellbeing. He says the group works with many vulnerable members of society, including Hull All Nations Alliance (HANA), which helps refugees.

” ‘We had a group of kids from HANA come down,’ he points out. ‘They made chips and pizzas using produce grown here. We help tackle social isolation.’

“At the back of the yard, there are three beehives. ‘A man serving a sentence at HMP Hull used his graphic skills to design labels for the honey,’ Mr King informs me.

“Mr King is content but conscious that more spaces, not just in Hull, could be used in a similar way for food production.”

More at BBC News, here.

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Photo: Gabrielle Canon/The Guardian.
Lakeside Farms, near Oregon’s Upper Clamath Lake, now features a wetland drawing harmful pollutants out of the soil. It also serves as a sanctuary for birds.

This may sound strange, but one of the things I most want to be able to do as an old person is to relearn things. I have a lot of preconceptions and outdated information that I’ve relied on, and I don’t want my feet to stay stuck in mud.

In today’s story, an Oregon farmer shows he was capable of relearning.

Gabrielle Canon reports at the Guardian that he once allowed his land to leak “pollution into a nearby lake. Now, 70 acres are home to waterfowl, turtles and endangered fish.”

Canon continues, “Birdsong hums over the rumble of Karl Wenner’s truck as it bounces along the dusty trails that weave through his property. For almost 100 years, this farm in southern Oregon grew barley, but now, amid the sprawling fields, there lies a wetland teeming with life.

“Wenner installed the wetland on 70 of the farm’s 400 acres to help deal with phosphorus pollution that leaked into the adjacent Upper Klamath Lake after his land flooded each winter. With support from a team of scientists and advocates, the project has become a welcome sanctuary for migrating and native birds that are disappearing from the area.

“Today, this corner of Lakeside Farms looks far different from a typical American farm. Waterfowl nest among the vegetation, joining pond turtles and even endangered native fish near rows of sprouting barley.

“Looking out at the swaying cattails and wocus plants peeking through the water on an afternoon in June, Wenner beams:

‘This place wanted to be a wetland.’

“It’s a remarkable transformation and a promising example of a symbiotic solution to one of the world’s most pressing environmental problems.

“The stakes are high. Considered ‘among the most productive ecosystems in the world,’ wetlands are disappearing rapidly. Roughly 80% around the world have already vanished. In the expansive Klamath basin that straddles the California-Oregon border, once described as the ‘Everglades of the west,’ more than 95% of wetlands have been drained, diverted or dried.

“Wenner, a co-owner of the land, hopes the farm won’t be unique for long. With an unprecedented amount of federal funding available through the Biden administration’s Inflation Reduction Act and other government programs, Wenner and his partners are encouraging more farmers and ranchers to follow in their footsteps. …

“The Lakeside Farms wetland broke ground in 2021, flattening the barley fields and carving dikes and channels for water flows that would leave small artificial nesting islands. The water, produced from a natural spring on the property, quickly germinated seeds for marsh plants that had been dropped by birds and long left dormant.

“By the summer of 2022, the vegetation began to do its work, feeding fowl and cleaning the farm’s runoff, pumped within its banks rather than into the lake. … Wenner says his costs have largely been covered with government funds, and there’s a lot more to go around. …

“The benefits, Wenner says, have been almost immediate. Wetlands serve as a natural sponge, soaking up harmful minerals and pollution before they seep into the watershed. …

“ ‘You set the stage and Mother Nature takes over,’ Wenner said. ‘It’s just a magical thing to see.’

“Wenner is convinced the move has been a boon to business. The farm is no longer running afoul of regulations, while a plan to add a rotating wetland on other parts of its land will enable it to go organic, yielding ‘a much higher price for the crop.’ …

“The climate crisis is making the Klamath basin hotter and drier, creating stress for farmers and wildlife alike. Populations of migrating birds have plummeted, falling from roughly 5.8 million observed in 1958 to a peak of just 93,000 counted last year.

“Many are finding hope in plans to demolish four dams along the Klamath River – the largest dam removal project in US history – bringing the ecosystem one step closer to recovery. But more solutions will be needed. …

“The work is not without obstacles. ‘Our biggest challenge is where water is available to manage wetlands,’ said Ed Contreras, a coordinator of the Intermountain West Joint Venture, an organization dedicated to building public-private partnerships to support bird habitats. He added that the Lakeside Farms project was an important case study. …

“Thousands of miles away, Paul Botts is confronting the same challenges. As the executive director of the Wetlands Initiative, a non-profit conservation organization in Chicago, he is determined to expand the use of what he calls ‘smart wetlands’ across productive farm belts. …

“ ‘The ultimate goal here is that one day my children or grandchildren are driving around the midwest and every other farm field has one of these wetlands,’ he said. …

“These natural systems help blunt climate catastrophes, holding water for dry times and slowing the speed of floods. ‘We view smart wetlands as an excellent example of a big-picture climate adaptation solution,’ Botts added.”

More at the Guardian, here. No paywall but donations keep it free.

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Photo: Nations Online.
Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela (upper left) is subject to oil spills that thousands of volunteers have agreed to treat with their hair.

We all know that to solve big problems we need to get to root causes. But what to do in the meantime? A woman in Venezuela had an idea about a temporary fix for a lake’s constant oil leaks.

At the Washington Post, María Luisa Paúl writes, “For years, Selene Estrach has seen how Venezuela’s crumbling oil industry has taken a toll on Lake Maracaibo, one of the world’s largest and oldest lakes. Once a symbol of the country’s oil wealth, its waters are now coated with iridescent slicks and swirls of neon green algae blooms that can be seen from space.

“The pollution is the product of decaying machinery and ruptures in a network of nearly 16,000 miles of underwater pipelines. Though oil slicks are common in Lake Maracaibo, which contains one of one of the planet’s largest known oil and gas reserves, experts and environmental groups have warned that years of mismanagement and a crippled oil industry have left a constant stream of crude oil oozing into the water.

“Yet little has been done to clean up the lake, which is home to endangered species such as pink river dolphins and manatees. In recent years, officials have downplayed the pollution as ‘a visual matter‘ or ‘not a big deal.’

“That’s why Estrach, a 28-year-old environmental activist, was determined to find a way to help. She founded Proyecto Sirena, a national network of activists dedicated to saving the lake using an unorthodox, yet bountiful, material.

“Hair.

“She got the idea in July while scouring the internet for easy, cost-effective and sustainable solutions for the pollution marring Lake Maracaibo. She saw that Matter of Trust, a San Francisco-based nonprofit, had used human locks 22 years ago to help soak up a spill off the coast of the Galápagos Islands. …

“Estrach told the Washington Post. ‘I thought, “If they’re doing this in … other parts of the world, why can’t we do it in Venezuela?” It’s easy and cheap. Plus, all the hair that’s left over in the salons is going to waste. Why not put it to good use?’

“Since founding Proyecto Sirena — a play on the Spanish words for mermaid and emergency siren, Estrach said her car is constantly filled with bags of donated human and pet hair. Across Venezuela, more volunteers are holding haircut drives that have brought in thousands of people.

“In 1989, Philip McCrory, a hairstylist in Alabama, first designed a hair-filled net to be used after oil spills, which NASA later tested and found effective. Researchers from the University of Technology Sydney found in 2018 that hair is ‘significantly better at absorbing oil than other materials, including cellulose and cotton. …

“Hair was not only used in Ecuador in 2001, but to clean the 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill in California, the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill and, most recently, in this year’s spill in the Philippines.

“Estrach has spent weeks huddled inside a lab at the University of Zulia, where she is a student, trying to replicate how the Matter of Trust nonprofit used hair after past oil spills. The results are promising, she said, with her tests indicating that about two pounds of hair can soak up between 11 and 17 pounds of oil. …

“Estrach’s team is also researching ways to safely discard the oil the devices soak up so they can be reused. ‘It will be our contribution to a growing field of research about this technique,’ she said.

“The first step, however, was getting the hair to make the items. Estrach turned to salons for help. … By October, 600 had signed up to help, which will allow her to collect about seven tons of hair every three months.

“Michele Giurdanella, 46, the CEO of Salvador Hairdressing … ended a 20-year hiatus of not cutting hair to personally help out during a donation drive. Next month, he and about 30 other stylists will give free cuts at Salvador Hairdressing’s headquarters. All the locks from the event will go toward the lake cleanup. …

“Giurdanella said, ‘[The drive] also helps out with our low-income community members who might otherwise not be able to afford getting a haircut. Everyone wins with this.’

“The effort has expanded well beyond Maracaibo. In Caracas, students from the Central University of Venezuela organized another haircut drive this month. They expected 200 people — nearly 1,500 showed up, said Rafael Chavero, a 26-year-old medical student and social activist.

“ ‘We had to promise some that we’d do another drive because we just didn’t have enough volunteer stylists to keep up with the demand,’ he said.

“That day, Chavero said people traveled up to an hour ‘to literally just give us a baggie of hair they collected.’ Others even brought their dogs for a shave and donated the fur.”

When in doubt about the state of humanity, remember that.

More at the Post, here. No firewall at Hindustan Times, here.

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Photo: Madeline Harper.
A faucet in a pet-food station designed by Daley Home makes it easy to add water to your pampered pet’s bowl.

Need an indoor shower designed for your dog? How about a built-in food and water station? Tim McKeough writes in the real estate section of the New York Times that for some wealthy pet owners, amenities know no bounds.

“When you’re designing or decorating a home, you have to consider the needs of the occupants — and that means not just people, but any resident animals,” McKeough writes.

“ ‘Our clients are very serious about their animals,’ said Jimmy Crisp, the principal of Crisp Architects, in Millbrook, N.Y. … Many of the homes he designs have built-in amenities for pets.

“Amy Storm, the principal of the interior design firm Amy Storm & Company, in Glen Ellyn, Ill., thinks along the same lines. … ‘It would actually be unusual that we wouldn’t be working on some sort of location for the pets to eat and bathe.’ …

“One of the most popular features is a dog shower. Usually placed in a mudroom or laundry room with direct outdoor access, it offers a convenient way to rinse muddy paws and fur.

Kate Marker, an interior designer in Barrington, Ill., added a shower for her two dogs to the lower-level mudroom of her own home. … There is no shower curtain or glass door to get in the way, which makes it easier to reach in and scrub the dog.

“For larger dogs, a shower with an opening at the floor makes the most sense, Ms. Storm said. But for smaller dogs, it’s often better to raise the shower, so that it resembles an oversized sink [and] you don’t have to hunch over. …

“Food and water bowls can look like an afterthought if separate dishes are simply placed on a waterproof mat. A better alternative is a built-in pet-food station.

“Shelby Van Daley, a founder of the interior design firm Daley Home, included an open cabinet with built-in dog bowls when she was designing a kitchenette for a family room in Austin, Texas. The pet dining space is lined in quartz countertop material and has cutouts to hold removable stainless-steel bowls. …

“ ‘A lot of our clients look for things they can add to their home to make it easier having pets,’ Ms. Van Daley said.

“If you don’t want to see bowls sitting out all day long, there’s another option: Install a low drawer in a bank of cabinetry, with cutouts for bowls, so you can slide it closed when it’s not in use. …

“Crate training your dog shouldn’t mean putting up with an ugly wire structure in the middle of your living space. Many designers are creating upscale custom crates that are built into homes.

“Ms. Van Daley designed a pair of crates with brass-mesh doors and enough space inside for dog beds as part of storage cabinets in the primary bedroom of one project. And Mr. Crisp designed a custom crate to fill the unused space under a staircase.

“If you don’t need a crate, but want a place to hold wet dogs in the mudroom, there are other options.

“For one client, Ms. Storm designed a mudroom with a half-height screened pocket door that pulls out of the wall like a baby gate. Compared to a solid door, ‘you still have good light and good air, and everyone can still see each other,’ she said, ‘even though the dogs are secured.’

“While dogs can usually get outside to play, indoor cats don’t have that opportunity. To compensate, some cat owners design their interiors to double as feline playgrounds.

“Alexandra Barker, the founder of the Brooklyn-based architecture firm BAAO, prioritized cat-friendly features while renovating a Brooklyn rowhouse for a couple of cat lovers. …

“The home’s defining feature is a built-in bookcase that runs along one wall of the living room. Some of the shelves project out into the room to serve as cat steps, and the top of the structure angles up and down to serve as a cat run. At one end, the run reaches a ceiling hatch that opens to the primary bedroom above; at the other, a hatch opens to an art studio.

“For another client in Brooklyn, Ms. Barker is designing a cat bathroom that conceals the litter box. ‘It’s a door into a closet with a portal in it,’ she said, so the cats can come and go as they please and no one has to look at the litter box. …

“If you want to create an indoor feline playground but aren’t ready to renovate, there are products that can be installed on an existing wall. Mike Wilson co-founded Catastrophic Creations, a manufacturer of cat-play equipment in Grand Rapids, Mich., after devising a wall-mounted rope bridge for his own cat. …

“On Etsy, the bridge was a hit, and the company soon developed a range of wall-mounted cat runways, steps, scratch posts and hammocks.

“Jackson Cunningham started Tuft & Paw in Vancouver, British Columbia, for similar reasons. ‘The idea came from our own experience of living in a smaller space in the city and caring about the stuff we put in that space,’ Mr. Cunningham said. …

“Tuft & Paw now makes cat hammocks, perches, beds and litter boxes that are as considered as any piece of designer furniture.”

More at the Times, here. OK, what do you think? You still have to walk the dog and empty the litter box. And do you think such things would improve the value of a home at resale — or would all those amenities have to be torn out?

Photo: Catastrophic Creations.

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Photo: Luna & Stella.

This is your Small Business Saturday reminder that Suzanne’s jewelry company, which hosts this blog, has a 20%-off sale until late Sunday Eastern Standard Time.

Suzanne writes, “Our only sitewide sale of the year is now open to all! Save 20% on everything on the website with code SHOPSMALL23, including all our antique locketsvintage charmsvictorian chainsmodern necklacesbirthstone rings, and even our archive sale

“Thank you for shopping small, with us and in your communities.  It really makes a difference!”

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